Vowel Formants 1

A little acoustic phonetics The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency 2

A little acoustic phonetics The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency That frequency is what we perceive at pitch 3

A little acoustic phonetics The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency That frequency is what we perceive at pitch Multiples of that frequency are also created 100hz wave also makes 200, 300, 400, etc. 4

A little acoustic phonetics Multiples of the fundamental frequency are harmonics 5

A little acoustic phonetics Multiples of the fundamental frequency are harmonics Mouth shape amplifies some harmonics and subdues others 6

A little acoustic phonetics Groups of harmonics that are amplified are called formants The lowest is F1 7

A little acoustic phonetics Vowels differ in their formant frequencies F1 height F2 frontness 8

A little acoustic phonetics Cheek flip to hear F2 9

Vowel modifications Nasalization-lower velum 10

Vowel modifications Nasalization-lower velum Retroflexion-Curl tongue up Rhotacization-non-curled “r” sound 11

Vowel modifications Nasalization-lower velum Retroflexion-Curl tongue up Rhotacization-non-curled “r” sound Retroflexion and Rhoticization both produce “r” sounds Mother moth[ɚ] Bird b[ɝ]d Further [fɝðɚ] 12

Prosodic features Speech is not series of sounds lined up next to each other How many sounds? 13

Prosodic features Speech is not series of sounds lined up next to each other How many sounds? 14

Prosodic features Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’? 15

Prosodic features Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’? IM plant im PLANT (stress) 16

Prosodic features Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’? IM plant im PLANT (stress) Ìmplant ímplant împlant (tone) 17

Prosodic features Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’? IM plant im PLANT (stress) Ìmplant ímplant împlant (tone) Tone and stress are prosodic, above and beyond the phone 18

Prosodic features Volume Some sounds are inherently more loud, why? [z] vs. [s] [I] vs. [a] [s] vs. [ʃ] [ʃ] vs. [ʒ] 19

Prosodic features Stress involves more initiatory power (more air from lungs) 20

Prosodic features Stress involves more initiatory power (more air from lungs) Stressed vs. stressless syllables 'implant vs. im'plant 'recess vs. re'cess 'address vs. a'ddress 'pervert vs. per'vert 21

Prosodic features Is stress contrastive in English? 22

Prosodic features Is stress contrastive in English? Languages where stress is not contrastive? 23

Prosodic features Is stress contrastive in English? Languages where stress is not contrastive? French 24

Prosodic features Stress involves pitch also Stressed syllables have higher pitch 'implant vs. im'plant 'recess vs. re'cess 'address vs. a'ddress 'pervert vs. per'vert 25

Prosodic features Stress involves duration also Stressed syllables are longer 'implant vs. im'plant 'recess vs. re'cess 'address vs. a'ddress 'pervert vs. per'vert 26

Prosodic features Words in a sentence can be stressed or unstressed I LIKE to be a good HUSBAND There’s a REALLY good MOVIE at EIGHT 27

Prosodic features Stress can change sentence meaning Jim bought a red car JIM bought a red car Jim BOUGHT a red car Jim bought A red car Jim bought a RED car Jim bought a red CAR 28

Syllable How many syllables in through 29

Syllable How many syllables in Through hollow 30

Syllable How many syllables in Through Hollow Instrumentalistic 31

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? 32

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable? Can [ɝ] be a syllable? 33

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable? Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’ 34

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable? Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’ Can [la] be a syllable? 35

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable? Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’ Can [la] be a syllable? Can [ɛk] be a syllable? 36

Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable? Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’ Can [la] be a syllable? Can [ɛk] be a syllable? Can [kt] be a syllable? 37

Syllable What is required in a syllable? 38

Syllable What is required in a syllable? A vowel or vowel like phone i.e. a pulse of initiatory activity This is the nucleus of the syllable 39

Syllable Possible English syllbles V a.llow 40

Syllable Possible English syllbles V a.llow CV fa.ther 41

Syllable Possible English syllbles V a.llow CV fa.ther CCV fla.pping 42

Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? 43

Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched 44

Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched CCCCV? 45

Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched CCCCV? What about ‘moNSTRous’? 46

Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched CCCCV? What about ‘moNSTRous’? Mon.strous 47

Syllable Possible English syllbles VC al.tar 48

Syllable Possible English syllbles VC al.tar VCC? 49

Syllable Possible English syllbles VC al.tar VCC? mend 50

Syllable Possible English syllbles VC al.tar VCC? Mend VCCC? 51

Syllable Possible English syllbles VC al.tar VCC? Mend VCCC? mends 52

Syllable Possible English syllbles VCCCC? 53

Syllable Possible English syllbles VCCCC? Sixths [sɪksөs] 54

Syllable A syllable must have a nucleus (initiation) May have momentary retardations of the initiation in form of consonants 55

Syllable Syllable structure Shows that nucleus and coda are unit 56

Syllable Evidence for rhyme We rhyme things with same rhyme 57

Syllable Evidence for rhyme We rhyme things with same rhyme We keep rhyme together br|eak| f|ast| l|unch| > br|unch| not breanch 58

Syllable Evidence for rhyme We rhyme things with same rhyme We keep rhyme together br|eak| f|ast| l|unch| > br|unch| not breanch sm|oke| [o] f|og| [a] > sm|og| [a] not smog [o] 59

Pitch High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable 60

Pitch High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable Intonation: pitch over many words 61

Pitch High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable Intonation: pitch over many words Changes meaning of sentence 62

Intonation Rising pitch at end mean yes/no question Are you coming? Did you eat? 63

Intonation Rising pitch at end mean yes/no question Are you coming? Did you eat? Falling pitch means non-yes/no question When are you coming? What did you eat? 64

Intonation Falling pitch means statement I’m coming at 11 I ate squid 65

Intonation Falling pitch means statement I’m coming at 11 I ate squid Suspended pitch means statement not finished I bought eggs, milk, cheese, and noodles. 66

Intonation Upspeak: using rising pitch on statements So I call my friend, and he’s not home, and I’m wondering if he on his way . . . 67

Intonation What meaning is conveyed with falling pitch on yes/no question? Are you coming to the party? Have you done your homework? 68

Intonation What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on non-yes/no question? What time did you get there? 69

Intonation What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on non-yes/no question? What time did you get there? Asking for reaffirmation A: What time did you get there? (Falling) B: At 11 A: What time did you get there? (Rising) 70

Intonation What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on the answer A: Where are you from? B: Cupertino (Rising) 71

Tone Falls on single syllable in a word Changes meaning of word 72

Tone Many languages use tone Major exception is IndoEuropean 73

Duration Long vowel are called long vowels Long consonants are called geminates 74

Duration Long consonants are called geminates [n] is a geminate in ‘unnatural’ [p] is not a geminate in ‘appear’ 75

Duration Long consonants are called geminates [n] is a geminate in ‘unnatural’ [p] is not a geminate in ‘appear’ It isn’t longer It is an orthographic not phonetic geminate 76

Duration Long vowels are called long vowels not geminates ‘ee’ in ‘feet’ is not a long vowel [i] is short in both ‘Pete’ and ‘feet 77

Duration Long vowels are called long vowels not geminates ‘ee’ in ‘feet’ is not a long vowel [i] is short in both ‘Pete’ and ‘feet ‘ee’ is an orthographic long vowel 78

Duration Vowels in syllables ending in voiced fricatives and stops are long ‘sad’ vs. ‘sat’ ‘teeth’ vs. ‘teethe’ ‘aitch’ vs. ‘age’ 79