Pronouns and UNUS NAUTA Adjectives Week 5 Review

Pronouns In Latin, just as in English, Pronouns stand in the place of nouns. Pronouns in Latin have 3 characteristics: gender, number, and case. Latin pronouns decline similar to nouns to exhibit their gender, number, and case. Most Latin pronouns roughly follow the 2-1-2 declension pattern, but they also use unique genitive (-ius) and dative singular (-i) endings. I like to think of this as a separate “Pronoun Declension” that uses 2-1- 2 declension endings with the addition of the gen. (-ius) and dative sing. (-i). The gender and number of pronouns agree the with the nouns that they replace. The case of pronouns will change based upon their syntactical use in a sentence. Most pronouns in Latin can also be used as adjectives, if they modify a noun that is present instead of simply replacing it.

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.) The Demonstrative pronouns (can also be adjectives) are used to ‘point’ to things – “this”, “that”, “these”, “those”. They follow the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) ille, illa, illud – “that”, “those” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. ille illa illud GEN. illīus DAT. illī ACC. illum illam ABL. illō illā (plur.) illae illōrum illārum illīs illōs illās Summary of Endings: -e / -a / -ud -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/-ud -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.) The demonstrative pronoun (and adjective) iste, ista, istud is used to ‘point’ to things with a distinctly negative connotation. It follows the pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille exactly. iste, ista, istlud – “that”, “those”, “that (grr!)…” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. iste ista istud GEN. istīus DAT. istī ACC. istum istam ABL. istō istā (plur.) istae istōrum istārum istīs istōs istās Summary of Endings: -e / -a / -ud -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/-ud -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.) The Demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc (“this”, “these”) combines the stem “h-” + ending + “-c” (a deictic marker used for pointing) in some cases. When this “-c” marker runs up against certain endings like “-a” or “-m” various linguistic changes will happen. [“-a” + “-c” -> “-aec” ; “-m” + “-c” -> “-nc”] Otherwise, it follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) hic, haec, hoc – “this”, “these” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. hic haec hoc GEN. huīus DAT. huīc ACC. hunc hanc ABL. hōc hāc (plur.) hī hae hōrum hārum hīs hōs hās Summary of Endings: Ø / -a / Ø -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/ Ø -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.) The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective is, ea, id (“this”, “these”, etc.) serves as both demonstrative and the 3rd person personal pronoun (“he”, “she”, “it”, “they”) The stem is really an “i-”, but it will weaken to an “e-” up against most vowels, hence the stem here looks like it’s an “e-” because of all the vowels in the endings. is, ea, id – “this”, “that”, “these”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”, etc. (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. is ea id GEN. eīus DAT. eī ACC. eum eam ABL. eō eā (plur.) eī, iī eae eōrum eārum eīs eōs eās Summary of Endings: Ø / -a / Ø -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/ Ø -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.) The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective īdem, eadem, idem (“the same”) is a combination of is, ea, id + “-dem” (another deictic marker) When the “-dem” comes up against an “-m”, it will produce “-ndem”; similarly, the “s” in “is” will drop and the short “i” will lengthen to compensate -> īdem īdem, eadem, idem – “the same” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. īdem eadem idem GEN. eīusdem DAT. eīdem ACC. eundem eandem ABL. eōdem eādem (plur.) eaedem eōrundem eārundem eīsdem eōsdem eāsdem Summary of Endings: Ø / -a / Ø -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/ Ø -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Intensive Pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum – “____self” (sing.) Masc. Fem. The Intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum (“___self”) strengthens whatever it modifies. Thus, when it modifies some 3rd person item, it will translate as “himself”, “herself”, “itself”, “themselves”; if it modifies a 1st person item it will be: “myself”, “ourselves”; if it modifies a second person item it will be: “yourself”, “yourselves”. It follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille, illa, illud ipse, ipsa, ipsum – “____self” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. ipse ipsa GEN. ipsīus DAT. ipsī ACC. ipsum ipsam ABL. ipsō ipsā (plur.) ipsae ipsōrum ipsārum ipsīs ipsōs ipsās Summary of Endings: -e / -a / -um -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/-um -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a

Personal Pronouns ego, meī – “I”, “me” tū, tuī – “you” The personal pronouns stand in place of people (“I”, “me”, “you”, “we”, “us”, “y’all”, etc.) As noted above, the demonstrative is, ea, id is used for the third person personal pronoun; here we’ll cover only the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns. ego, meī – “I”, “me” tū, tuī – “you” nos, nostrum – “we”, “us” vōs, vestrum – “you (pl.)”, “y’all” (sing.) 1st Person 2nd Person NOM. ego tū GEN. meī tuī DAT. mihi tibi ACC. mē tē ABL. (plur.) nōs vōs nostrum/nostrī vestrum/vestrī nobis vobis

Reflexive Pronouns (sing.) 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person NOM. --- Reflexive pronouns stand in place of nouns, but ALWAYS refer back to the SUBJECT of the sentence. As such, they only exist in the oblique cases (i.e., all cases other than the nom.) For the 1st and 2nd pers. reflexive pron., the same forms as the personal pronouns are used. For the 3rd person reflexive pronouns, a new pronoun (“suī, sibi, sē, sē”) is used. (sing.) 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person NOM. --- ---- GEN. meī tuī suī DAT. mihi tibi sibi ACC. mē tē sē ABL. (plur.) nostrī vestrī nōbīs vōbīs nōs vōs

Relative Pronoun quī, quae, quod – “who”, “which”, “that” (sing.) The Relative pronoun quī, quae, quod (“who”, “which”, “that”) begins a new clause that relates back to an item in another clause in the sentence. The relative pron. will take the gender and number of the noun it relates back to, while the relative pron. will have its own case, based on its syntactical use in the relative clause. The relative pronoun is also used as the interrogative adjective (“who”, “what”) quī, quae, quod – “who”, “which”, “that” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. quī quae quod GEN. cuius DAT. cui ACC. quem quam ABL. quō quā (plur.) quōrum quārum quibus quōs quās Summary of Endings: -ī / -ae / -od -ius / -ius / -ius -i / -i / -i -em /-am/ -od -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -ae -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -ibus / -ibus / -ibus -ōs / -ās / -ae

Interrogative Pronoun The Interrogative pronoun quis, quid (“who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which”) asks for the identity of a person or thing. The masculine and feminine singular forms are the same in the singular. The plural forms of the interrogative pronoun are identical to the relative pronoun quis, quid – “who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. quis quid GEN. cuius DAT. cui ACC. quem ABL. quō (plur.) quī quae quōrum quārum quibus quōs quās Summary of Endings: -is / -is / -id -ius / -ius / -ius -i / -i / -i -em /-em/ -id -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -ae -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -ibus / -ibus / -ibus -ōs / -ās / -ae

UNUS NAUTA Adjectives U N S A T A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly like 2-1-2 adjectives, but they use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. endings like the pronouns. Other than having irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives. UNUS NAUTA is an acronymic mnemonic device to help you remember these 9 adjectives: ūnus, -a, -um nūllus, -a, -um ūllus, -a, -um sōlus, -a, -um neuter, neutra, neutrum alius, -a, -ud uter, utra, utrum tōtus, -a, -um alter, altera, alterum U N S A T You will definitely want to learn to recognize these adjectives when you see them to help you remember the irregular forms. The next slide will allow you to practice declining one of these adjectives, but note that you should be able to decline them all following the same pattern.

UNUS NAUTA Adjectives sōlus, -a, -um – “alone”, “only” (sing.) Masc. A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly 2-1-2, but use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. Other than the irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives. sōlus, -a, -um – “alone”, “only” (sing.) Masc. Fem. Neut. NOM. sōlus sōla GEN. sōlīus DAT. sōlī ACC. sōlum sōlam ABL. sōlō sōlā (plur.) sōlae sōlōrum sōlārum sōlīs sōlōs sōlās Summary of Endings: -us / -a / -um -īus / -īus / -īus -ī / -ī / -ī -um /-am/-um -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a