Prokaryote and Metabolism Found everywhere More bacteria in mouth than the total number of people who have ever lived. Minority that cause disease Bubonic plague TB Cholera STD’s Food poisoning Beneficial Carbon cycle Decomposers Symbiosis (mitochondria)

Traditional 5 Kingdom System Kingdom Monera All prokaryotes Based on structural difference b/w proK and euK By comparing RNA w/ sequence of genomes Two major branches of proK Bacteria Archaea

Development of Domains Domain Archaea Antiquity Extreme environments Like early earth’s Domain Bacteria Modern organisms Current environment

Structure and Function Shapes: Cocci Bacilli Helical Cell wall outside of plasma membrane Peptidoglycan: Gram Positive (AB sensitive) LPS: Gram Negative (AB insensitive) Capsule: sticky secretion, protective layer, adhere to substratum

Motility: Pili: surface attaching device Flagella: movement, differs from eukaryotes Not part of cell membrane Slime trails, taxis

Reproduction & Adaptation Transformation: proK cell takes up genes from surrounding environment. Genetic Transfer b/w proK cells. Cross species Conjugation: direct transfer of genes from one cell to another Transduction: virus helps to exchange genes b/w cells

Metabolism Photoautotrophs: cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs: stone eaters/oxidizers Photoheterotrophs: Chemoheterotrophs: Saprobes Parasites Relationship to O2 Obligate aerobe Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes Photosynthesis

Environments Extremophiles: extreme environments Methanogens: methane producers, swamps, obligate anaerobes Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermophiles

Ecological Impact Symbiotic: relationship w/ host organism Mutualism: both benefit Commensalism: one benefites, no harm to other Parasitism: harm to host Opportunistic: Kosh’s Postulates Exotoxins: secretes proteins Endotoxins : part of cell wall Opportunistic: normal residence of host, but can cause illness when host immune is weaken

Koch’s Postulates ID Antrax and Tb bacteria (1800’s) Developed guidelines to determine agent. Still used today Find same pathogen in each diseased individual Isolate the pathogen from a disease subject and grow (pure culture) Induce disease in experimental animals by transferring cultured pathogen. Isolate SAME pathogen from experimental animals

Exotoxins Endotoxins Bioremediation: Proteins secreted by bacteria Clostridium botulinum: exotoxin produces disease botulism. 1grams could kill a million Vibrio cholera: cholera E. coli: traveler’s diarrhea Endotoxins Components of outer membrane Gram negative Salmonella typhi: typhoid fever Bioremediation: Use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

The Nasties necrotizing fasciitis syphillus Gonorrea Clyamidia Leprosy