GHSGT Review Biology

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Cell Structures Cell membrane- surrounds cell, providing barrier Cytoplasm- fluid, made mostly of water, fills cell Organelles- structures inside of cell Nucleus- control center of cell Nuclear membrane- membrane surrounding nucleus Ribosomes- produce proteins Endoplasmic reticulum- transport in cell 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Cell Structures Golgi apparatus- storage Lysosomes- digestion and recycling Mitochondria- cellular respiration; energy release Centrioles- function in cell reproduction Chloroplasts- photosynthesis Cell wall- surrounds cell membrane in plant and bacterial cells 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Animal versus Plant cell 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Prokaryote versus Eukaryote Lacks a nucleus Has no membrane-bound organelles unicellular EX: bacteria Has distinct nucleus Unicellular and multicellular Have membrane-bound organelles EX: plants, animals, protists, fungi 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review What cell structure do all eukaryotes have in common? Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplasts RNA What cell structures would indicate that you are examining a plant cell rather than an animal cell? Nucleus &chloroplasts Cell wall &chloroplasts Chloroplasts & mitochondria Chromosomes & vacuoles 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review Which labeled structure in the diagram contains chromosomes? Structure 1 Structure 6 Structure 7 Structure 3 Which cell structures are involved in protein synthesis? 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Macromolecules Organic compounds- compounds that contain carbon; building blocks of cells Type of compound Functions Proteins Subunits are called amino acid. Function form structures, transport, help cells move and involved in chemical reactions (enzymes) Carbohydrates (Sugar & Starch) Used as source of energy Sugar- quick energy Starch- slow-release energy Lipids Fats, oils & waxes Stores energy and functions as part of cell membrane Nucleic acids Store important information (DNA) 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction are ___. Amino acids Enzymes Nucleic acids carbohydrates Which types of macromolecules are not soluble in water? Sugars Starches Proteins Lipids 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com DNA and RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of smaller units called nucleotides Contains deoxyribose sugar Four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine & Cytosine Double helix Ribonucleic acid Contains ribose sugar Single helix Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review DNA contains each of the following bases, except ____. Uracil Adenine Cytosine thymine Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? five-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base Amino acid Phosphate group 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review IN a molecule of DNA, the base thymine always pairs with ___. Cytosine Guanine Uracil Adenine In an RNA molecule, uracil, takes the place of ___. Cytosine Thymine Guanine adenine 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Storing and Transmitting Cellular Information DNA Replication- before a cell can divide it must make a copy of the DNA First- the DNA unzips The “loose” nitrogen bases attach to their matches Creates two strands 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Protein synthesis- creation of proteins from code found in DNA Transcription DNA unzips Messenger RNA transcribes the sequence of code from DNA Substitutes uracil for thymine Translation mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Attaches to a ribosome exposing a single codon Transfer RNA then picks up the correct nitrogen base and joins it as a chain 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review During transcription, which base pairs with adenine? Uracil Thymine Guanine cytosine During DNA replication, which base pairs with cytosine? Thymine Guanine Adenine uracil 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review Which type of molecule transcribes the information from a DNA molecule to a molecule that carries the information to a ribosome? tRNA rRNA mRNA dRNA What takes place during replication? The DNA is copied before cell division occurs Information from mRNA is used to make proteins mRNA makes a copy of the DNA rRNA reads the information from mRNA to make proteins 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Reproductive Variability Asexual reproduction Involves only one parent Results in offspring just like the parents Sexual reproduction Involves two parents Results in more genetic variability in offspring 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Chromosomes and Reproduction Meiosis is a process through which the nucleus of a cell divides in such a way that the chromosome number is divided in half Thus, the number of chromosomes in a gamete have the HAPLOID number The resulting zygote will then have the DIPLOID number 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Genes & Traits Each chromosome contains many genes Genes- section of chromosome that codes for single trait Homologous chromosomes- similar in size, shape and genetic material Allele- gene that controls an alternate form of the trait. Mendel’s law of segregation- states that two alleles for each trait separate into separate gametes 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Describing alleles Homozygous- alleles are the same; either both dominant or both recessive Heterozygous- alleles are different; one dominant and one recessive; also called “hybrid” Genotype- genetic composition Phenotype- traits organism displays 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Predict Genotype and Phenotype Use a Punnett square Gives the probability of the offspring outcome 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Mendel’s second law- law of indendent assortment states that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review In pea plants, round (R)seeds are dominant over wrinkled (r)seeds. The punnett square shows a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for round peas. Which of the following describes all possible genotypes resulting from this cross? RR and rr c. round seeds RR, Rr and rr d. wrinkled seeds What genotype will result in an offspring that has wrinkled seeds? RR c. rr Rr d. r What percentage of the offspring will likely to be homozygous for round seeds? R r R r 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com DNA Technology Biotechnology- manipulation of organisms or their parts for human uses; used to improve human health & food production, also used in forensics Genetic engineering- production of organisms with new genetic traits; most often from taking segments of DNA from one organism and inserting it into another 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Cloning Scientists produce genetically identical individuals from a single cell. First the nucleus of a female egg cell is removed Then egg cell is fused with the nucleus of a cell taken from another adult When the cells fuse, they produce a single cell that begins to divide 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com DNA Fingerprinting Use a technique called gel electrophoresis to compare DNA of different organisms First the DNA is cut into sections with enzymes Then fragments are placed in a gel Electric charges separate the pieces by size 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review Which would be a reason why scientists would genetically engineer bacteria to produce human insulin? Bacteria do not have their own DNA Bacteria are living Bacteria are very small Bacteria reproduce quickly What has to be removed from the donor egg cell during the cloning process? Nucleus Cytoplasm Y chromosome X chromosome 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Photosynthesis and Respiration Process by which some types of organisms capture the energy of sunlight and convert it to chemical energy (food) Happens in the cell’s chloroplasts Process by which living things release energy from the chemical bonds in food molecules Happens in the cell’s mitochondria 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Occurs in chloroplasts Two parts: Light reaction Calvin cycle (dark reaction) 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What is respiration? The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy Occurs in the mitochondria Two types: Aerobic – requires oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Where does a cell get energy? Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) . 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review What would likely happen to a plant briefly kept in the dark? It would die from lack of food It would perform the light-reactions only It would recycle materials, but not energy It would conduct photosynthesis, but not respiration What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? Sunlight Carbon dioxide Glucose Water What are the reactants of photosynthesis? Water & glucose Glucose & carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide & water Oxygen & water 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Relationships among Organisms Ecosystem- living & nonliving things in an environment Abiotic factors- nonliving Biotic factors- living Population- all organisms of same species living in an area Community- all interacting populations living in an area Limiting factors- environmental factors that control population size Carrying capacity- largest population that a given environment can support over time 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Ecosystem Interactions Competition- when organisms vie with each other for resources Predation- feeding relationship where one organism hunts and kills another for food Symbiosis- interdependent relationships between organisms Mutualism- both species benefit Parasitism- only one species benefits; other harmed Commensalism- one benefits; other unaffected 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

What determines a Terrestrial Biome? Climate – temperature and rainfall 6 major biomes Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

What determines an aquatic biome? Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands Marshes Swamps Estuaries Coral Reefs Deep Ocean 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review The graph shows population changes for two species that share the same ecosystem. Which relationship exists between them? The two species compete for the same food source Species A is prey to species B Species A is a predator to species B They do not interact Species A Species B Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of mammals and absorb nutrients. The relationship between the tapeworms & the host is an example of ___. Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Natural selection 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Food Chains, Webs & Pyramids Producers- produce their own food Consumers- obtains food from others Decomposer- breaking down wastes or the remains of dead organisms Trophic level- each feeding level in an ecosystem Food chain- flow of energy from one organism to another Food web- provides for showing interconnected food chains Energy pyramid-shows energy loss among trophic levels 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Lesson Review Which group of organisms make up the final trophic level in an ecosystem? Producers c. tertiary consumers Secondary consumers d. decomposers Cattle feed by grazing on grasses. Cattle are an example of ___. Producers c. herbivores Omnivores d. carnivores Which shows a correct order for the transfer of energy within an ecosystem? producer- decomposer-herbivore-omnivore Carnivore-herbivore-decomposer-omnivore Producer-herbivore-carnivore-decomposer 11/9/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com