PACKET 11: Health & Disease

Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia For 2 billion years, the prokaryotes were the only life form on the planet. These first life forms were very _____________ cells… spheres with genetic material inside. No _____________ and no membrane bound _____________________. These simple cells changed as their ___________ mutated. Some mutations were harmful, others were beneficial and others just created new variations with no advantage. The accumulation of these changes created organisms with a great diversity in size, shape and means of survival. SIMPLE NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA

Shapes of Bacteria: HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Obtaining energy: Coccus – Circular Bacillus – Rod shaped Spirillium - spiral Obtaining energy: Some bacteria are ______________________ and must consume other compounds for food/energy, others Other bacteria are _____________________ and can produce their own food/energy using light or chemicals HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Bacteria Bacterial Growth Bacteria Shapes & Motion

Notable Features: BACTERIA FLAGELLUM ____________________ – used for movement (swimming) Pili – look like cilia, but don’t move. They allow bacteria to stick to surfaces (like velcro). Cell Wall – protection against lysis (cell breaking) ______________________ – extra protective layer around cell wall. Helps bacteria survive in hostile conditions (like in your stomach). CAPSULE

Where are bacteria? Bacteria exist all around us, in the air we breathe, on the surfaces we touch, on our skin, and within us. Many bacteria do not actually harm us. In fact they can be helpful to us. Bacteria are responsible for: turning milk to yogurt, adding flavor to foods breaking down dead leaves into soil helping break down food in our digestive system (symbiosis).

How do Bacteria Reproduce: ________________________________ - form of asexual reproduction where the DNA is copied and the cell splits in two forming clones. ________________________________ - form of sexual reproduction where two cells meet up and exchange pieces of DNA – helps increase genetic diversity BINARY FISSION CONJUGATION

Virus vs. Bacteria LIVING NON-LIVING BIT BIGGER VERY SMALL REPRODUCE ON OWN CANNOT REPRODUCE ON OWN CAUSE DISEAESE DNA &/OR RNA

DISEASES VIRUS VIRUS VIRUS BACTERIA Disease Source: Viral or Bacterial What it does… Treatment HIV Destroys helper T cells, which are part of the immune system and then body cannot fight infections that the normal person can No cure but drugs have been developed to control the virus. Problem – HIV is constantly mutating Influenza Causes body aches, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, headache & fatigue Flu vaccine can help prevent the virus, otherwise time Smallpox Deadly disease that causes pustules (bumps on body filled with pus), high fever, fatigue Due to a vaccination program, smallpox has been eliminated Streptococcus Causes strep throat, fever, sore throat, swollen glands Antibiotics VIRUS VIRUS VIRUS BACTERIA

2 Types of Immunity PASSIVE IMMUNITY ACTIVE IMMUNITY ________________________ – short-term immunity when antibodies produced for a pathogen injected into the body or a mother gives a baby short term immunity until the infant can make its own antibodies Ex: being injected w/ antibodies that attack a rabies virus after being bitten Receiving vaccines before going to another country   ________________________ - body makes own antibodies in response to an antigen ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Antibodies and Antigens: ________________ – substance not recognized by the body that causes an immune response Antibody –   proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

Treatment of Bacterial Infections: ANTIBIOTICS ________________________________ – block the growth or reproduction of bacteria (can’t be used to fight viruses) Taken after an infection has started Ex: Take antibiotics for strep throat.

VACCINES _______________________________ – solutions containing weakened or killed pathogens (a pathogen is anything that causes disease) Taken prior to an infection to build antibodies against the pathogen   Sometimes antibiotics were prescribed for viral infections. Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. There are ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________________ medications that treat viral infections by preventing the virus from developing. ANTIVIRAL

How does a virus infect cells? How does a body try and fight off an infection?