2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are influenced by changes in the environment

Organisms Respond to External Events I.e. taxis or kinesis Many animals change speed based on light (pillbugs run wild when exposed to light) Many animals change direction in response to stimuli (sharks swim towards blood) Plants grow towards light (phototropism)

Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors Biotic = Living Abiotic = Non-living Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria/ Archaeans Sunlight Water Vitamins/ Minerals/ Nutrients Temperature

Cells Are Affected by Both Biotic/Abiotic Factors i.e. bacterial cells attach to each other to form biofilms Cells shrink/grow depending on water availability Cells stop growing after a certain density (except in the case of cancers)

Organisms Interact with Biotic/Abiotic Factors Organisms access to nutrients is affected by other factors i.e. symbiosis, predator-prey, nutrient availability etc

Symbiosis-Two species living together Mutualism-both benefit Commensalism- one benefits, other unaffected Parasitism- one benefits at other’s expense

Abiotic Effects on Growth Better nutrition Taller individuals More sunlight  More plant growth

Evolution of Homeostatic Mechanisms Some mechanisms are conserved- showing common ancestry Others have changed, demonstrating divergent evolution

i.e. nitrogenous waste removal All animals produce nitrogen byproducts Animals in different environments have evolved different mechanisms for excreting these wastes

Ammonia Toxic byproduct of protein degradation In dilute concentrations is no big deal, so aquatic organisms can excrete it into water

Urea Mammals convert ammonia into urea Urea travels through the blood to the kidneys and is excreted with water and other substances as urine

Solid Uric Acid In birds and reptiles (and some desert mammals) nitrogen waste is excreted as a solid Prevents water loss and buildup of water wastes in the shell of an egg

Evolution of Circulatory System Shows Common Ancestry and Divergence

Evolution of Circulatory System Shows Common Ancestry and Divergence

Disruptions at the Molecular/Cellular Level Affect Organisms I.e. viral infection of a cell Allergies Dehydration

Disruption of One Organisms Affects Others I.e. disrupting the food chain If you break one link of the chain, everyone is affected Toxins in one organism get passed on

Biomagnification Toxins get concentrated as they move up the food chain So small amounts of mercury can become extremely toxic to polar bears (or humans!)

Invasive Species Usually have no natural predators and grow uncontrollably Disrupt the food chain and outcompete native species