America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

Nomadic A group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons, or according to the migratory patterns of wild animals, from place to place in search of water and food. Scholars believe that the first settlers of the American continent were nomads who crossed a land-bridge from Siberia to Alaska during the last ice age. (circa 13,000 B.C.)

Anasazi / Pueblo Native American tribe which inhabited the upland canyons in the Four Corners region of modern Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado from approximately 400 to 1300 A.D. The Anasazis built cliff-dwellings out of sandstone blocks, some with over 600 interconnected rooms and reaching 5 stories tall. Drought, famine, and violence are believed to have led to the decline of the Anasazi civilization by 1300 A.D., but their descendants, the Pueblos, resettled along the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers in New Mexico.

Hohokam / Pima Native American tribe which inhabited the Gila and Salt River Valleys of Arizona from approximately 400 to 1300 A.D. The Hohokam built more than 500 miles of irrigation canals to enable them to grow three major crops: Maize (corn), Beans, and Squash. They built their homes out of adobe, a type of sun-dried brick, and traded extensively with surrounding tribes, including the Aztecs of Mexico. Like the Anasazi, drought, famine and violence led to the disintegration of Hohokam society by 1300 A.D., but a remnant of the Hohokam, the Pima Indians, remains in the region.

Iroquois League A loose confederation of five northeastern North American tribes, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. The Iroquois League established a constitution promoting peaceful cooperation among the member nations. They lived in wooden longhouses, some more than 200 feet in length, and hunted, fished, and farmed. The Iroquois dominated the northeast from 1000 A.D. until the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s.

How did the Natives settle in North America? Early Native Americans arrive on North American continent - conflicting research Land or Sea? Rapidly move south and east Mexico, C.America, Canada and United States

3 Native American Groups Paleo- Old Stone Age Folsom, Plano and Clovis Flint points and stone tools Mound Builders Earth mounds Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian Southwestern Cliff dwellings, agricultural (if fitting) Mogollon, Anasazi, and Hohokam

Mound Builders Term referring to Native American people who constructed earthen mounds for burial, residential and ceremonial purposes: Adena- known for agricultural practices, pottery, artistic works and trading network Hopewell- very flashy ceremonies, material culture and huge trading network Mississippian- social inequality within tribe; had contact with the Spanish Conquisadores

Southwestern Mogollon- settled in present day western Texas, North Mexico and New Mexico; characterized by pottery Hohokam-known for farming techniques and grew such squash, tobacco, cotton and maize Anasazi-known for adobe and sandstone dwellings built along cliff walls; warrior like

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

Pre-Columbian time period. First Americans came from Asia Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age Following a food source Gradual migration

The Old World Explores The New World

EUROPEAN MOVEMENT ONTO NATIVE AMERICAN LAND European movement

Europe in the Middle Ages Why was it often called the Dark Ages? Limited Exchange of Ideas Curiosity and New Learning De-emphasized Superstition Predominated Travel Limited When did this change? The Crusades

Europe in the Middle Ages What effect did the Crusades have on Europe? Interest in the products of the Middle East and the Far East Cheaper ways of getting these products TRANSPORTATION: Water vs. Land What products? Gold/Silver/Jewels Silk Spices

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 16 17 17 17

Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur? What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch? Materialism, personal wealth Glory, personal fame Religion, conversion of the “heathens” Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation Scientific Curiosity

Primary Documents Columbus Letter (1493) Annotating Primary Documents How to Write and to Get an ‘A’ Create a Class Paragraph