At the Turn of the 20th Century American Diplomacy At the Turn of the 20th Century

Isolation vs. Expansion Anti-Imperialists Disdain for European colonization Democracy over Monarchy Invulnerable -proximity Monroe Doctrine Imperialists TRADE! Markets of Asia & Latin America Spread Christianity (Josiah Strong) Est. strategic military bases (Alfred Mahan) Monroe Doctrine

History Monroe Doctrine 1823 U. S. support of W. Hemisphere nations Mexico: 1860 - French “protectorate” Seward threatened intervention 1867 acquired Alaska & Midway Island Widescale American investment & presence in Hawaii, Cuba, & Dominican Republic Acquisition of several islands in the Pacific

Emphasis on Strong Navy Small & obsolete after Civil War Cpt. Alfred Thayer Mahan Rep. Henry Cabot Lodge “Great White Fleet”

Building a Pacific Empire 1840s -est. some trade privileges in China Ostend Manifesto (secret attempt to annex Cuba) 1858 - Comm. Perry “opens” Japan American sugar & pineapple plantations in Hawaii (as well as Mormon missionaries) Attempts to depose Queen Lilioukalani

Major Events & Issues Venezuelan Crisis Efforts to Annex Hawaii Cuban Revolution & the Maine Spanish-American War (Philippine phase) Spanish-American War (invasion of Cuba) Annexation of the Philippines Imperialists & Anti-Imperialists

Spanish American War (1898) “The Splendid Little War” Cuba Monroe Doctrine Most businesses in Cuba owned by Americans Cubans declared independence in 1895, suffered greatly in their fight “Remember the Maine” - U. S. S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Feb. 15, 1898 260 sailors killed Public outrage fueled by “yellow journalism” President McKinley asked Congress for a war declaration on April, 11

Spanish American War (1898) Phase 1: Commodore Dewey attacked and defeated Spanish fleet in Manila (Philippines) – May 1, 1898. Captured the city on August 13,1898. Filipino uprising led by Emelio Aguinaldo Phase 2: Attack on Cuba & Puerto Rico War ends: Aug. 12, 1898

Results of Spanish American War Cuban independence (heavy U. S. influence) U. S. paid Spain $20 million for Philippines U. S. obtained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Dominican Republic Only 400 U. S. soldiers died in combat United States established as a world military power Hawaii was annexed as a “war measure.” Debate over annexation of Philippines began

Annexation and new policies Anti-Imperialists vs. Imperialists Foraker Act – Puerto Rico - limited govt. Insular Cases – “The Constitution does NOT follow the flag.” Teller Amendment – U. S. NEVER take over Cuba Platt Amendment (1901) – Forced into Cuba’s Constitution – U. S. could intervene, Cuba could not go heavily into debt, U. S. base (Guantanamo)