JAXA Agency Report Akihiko KUZE Earth Observation Research Center Committee on Earth Observation Satellites JAXA Agency Report Akihiko KUZE Earth Observation Research Center Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency CEOS WGCV 43 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil April 10-13, 2018

JAXA Earth Observation Satellite Lineup Targets (JFY: Apr-Mar) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Disasters & Resources JERS1/OPS, SAR (1992-1998) ADEOS-I/AVNIR ALOS/AVNIR2, PALSAR (2006-2011) Climate System Water Cycle ADEOS-I/AMSR (1996-1997) Aqua/AMSR-E (2002-2010) Climate change ADEOS-I/OCTS (1996-1997) ADEOS-II/GLI (2003) Greenhouse gases [Land and disaster monitoring] ALOS-2 / PALSAR-2 ALOS-4 ALOS-2CIRC ALOS-3 ISS/CIRC TRMM / PR 2013~ [Precipitation 3D structure] Feasibility study with NASA GPM / DPR with NASA [Wind, SST , water vapor, precipitation] AMSR2-F/O GCOM-W / AMSR2 [Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ocean color] GCOM-C / SGLI [Cloud and aerosol 3D structure] with ESA EarthCARE / CPR [CO2, CH4, GOSAT / FTS, CAI 2009~ GOSAT2-F/O [CO2, CH4, CO] with MOE GOSAT-2 JMA meteorological satellites MTSAT-1R (Himawari-6) MTSAT-2 (Himawari-7) [Cloud, aerosol, SST] [Cloud, SST] Himawari-8/AHI Himawari-9 (standby) Mission status On orbit Development Study Pre-phase-A

GOSAT (2009-) TANSO-FTS and CAI (imager) Long term data of Long-term trend of mega cities, possible emission sources, validation sites (2) Observation score map for sampling optimization http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/GOSAT/CO2_moitor/index.html Contents: Long term CO2, CH4, SIF, AOD measured by GOSAT Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF), Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Population density Both TNASO-FTS and CAI show very slow degradation Mar. 2018,, Level 1 V210 release 9 year calibrated TIR (improved non-linearity correction) Plan for 2018 Partial column product of lower and upper troposphere from simultaneous use of SWIR and TIR (Pasadena, CA, U.S.A.) http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/GOSAT/GOSAT_Optimization/index.html http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/GOSAT/CO2_monitor/index.html 3

TRMM(-2015) GPM (2013-) Precipitation Rader Better continuity of the TRMM/PR V8 and the GPM/KuPR V05 GPM/DPR’s calibration factors was changed in V05 released on May 2017, and TRMM/PR’s calibration factors was also changed in TRMM V8 released on Oct. 2017. Better continuity was realized in the GPM/KuPR V05 and the TRMM/PR V8. Comparisons of the NRCS ( 𝜎 0 ) with various sensors 𝜎 NPC 0 𝜃 , 𝑈 10 = 𝜎 NPC 0 0, 8 TRMM PR : 13.8 GHz GPMCore KuPR : 13.6 GHz Jason Poseidon : 13.6 GHz OSTM/Jason-2 Jason-1 KuPR V05A Jason-3 PR v8 PR v7 KuPR V04A

GCOM-W (2012-) AMSR2 microwave radiometer Instrument Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) Altitude 705 km Orbital inclination 98.2 deg Local sun time at Ascending node 13 :30 Successor of Aqua/AMSR-E (launched in May 2002), providing continuous data for climate studies and operational applications Joining A-train constellation and also GPM constellation Carrying AMSR2, a multi-polarization and multi-frequency microwave imager Observing various water-related ECVs at high spatial resolution Improving on-board calibration target has resulted reduction of annual Tb variation due to calibration and improvement of Tb stability Achieved designed mission life (5-year) on May 18, 2017, and continues observation The Roadmap for the Basic Plan on Space Policy was revised in Dec. 2017: “The government should conduct development research on AMSR2’s successor sensor on condition that hosted payload with GOSAT-3 in JFY2018.”

AMSR2-AMSE-E X-CAL for L1 Ver.2 Scatter plots of Brightness temperature (AMSR2 Tb - AMSR-E (L1S) Tb) VS (AMSR-E (L1S) Tb) From 1 Dec. 2012 to 30 Sep. 2015, Asc.+ Dsc. orbits

GCOM-C (2017-) SGLI multispectral radiometer Dec. 23, 2017 Launch,. -Mach 28, Initial Check-Out. The first images of VNR-SWIR (1 Jan. 2018 ) TIR (22 Jan 2018) The first internal-lamp CAL (10 Jan 2018) moon CAL (31 Jan 2018) Level-1 & geophysical data products (Level-2 and -3 data) will be released one-year after the launch. An example of w RGB and Chlorophyll-a concentration 20 Mar. 2018

SGLI X-CAL VNR Ocean color X-cal by MODIS Rrs in Jan-Feb 2018 comparison SGLI LTOA Simulated LTOA Global data Aerosol estimation by SGLI VN07 and VN10 Aerosol RT model VN07 visible bands A-MODIS Rrs SGLI Rrs Ocean BRDF by Morel’s model Wavelength interpolation by Inherent Optical Properties (IOP) spectra Sun-glint O2A band OC vcal 380 412 443 490 530 565 673 763 868 SGLI/sim 0.994 1.020 1.013 1.010 1.061 1.033 1.000 1.012 NA (1.031 )

MetOp-A/IASI and SGLI TIR01, TIR02 SGLI X-CAL TIR MetOp-A/IASI and SGLI TIR01, TIR02 Match-ups in 29-31 Jan 2018 Aqua/AIRS and SGLI TIR01, TIR02 T01:Y = -0.0046 + 0.9995 * X N = 38758 SSE= 28.685866 xvs= 21935.887 std.error= 0.00018369059 t-score= 5441.4602 T02:Y = 0.0009 + 1.0009 * X SSE= 24.553756 xvs= 18274.710 std.error= 0.00018619339 t-score= 5375.6944 Match-ups in 31 Jan - 10 Feb 2018

ALOS F/O Missions (2014-) Continuous observations successor “Daichi” (ALOS) from 2006 to 2011 Contribute to ensure the safety and security of citizens, i.e. disasters monitoring and management, land deformation monitoring, national developing management, foods and natural resources, environmental issues in global etc. as common issues. Contribute to industrial development based on Earth observation data i.e. National Spatial Data infrastructure (NSDI) and new applications. JFY2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 ALOS-2 (L-SAR) May 24 Launch Initial C/O Initial Cal-Val Product release Mission operation (5 years) Post-mission operation ALOS-3 (Optical) Development Mission operation (7 years) ALOS-4 (L-SAR) Development 10

ALOS-2 (2014-) Radiometric Calibration Absolute accuracy: > 0.8 dB Relative accuracy (or stability): > 0.8 dB ScanSAR Comparison with PALSAR Gamma zero (dB) Incidence angle (degree) Stripmap 10m Calibration Factor Software Ver. 002.023 (updated Mar. 28, 2017) Data: year 2014.08～2017.12 Number of CR observations FBD 10m HBQ 6m Full-pol UBS 3m CF = -83 dB

ALOS-2 (2014-) Geometric Calibration Geometric accuracy Beam U2 and FP6, May-Sep. 2017, Japan Strong correlation with total electron content (TEC) Orbit data X [m] Y [m] bias SD On-board orbit (Less than 100 m） 0.02 4.07 -0.79 4.12 Fixed orbit data (Less than 1 m) -0.77 3.32 -0.85 4.72 Relationship between actual TEC Time series in global average TEC Range delay estimated by TEC (m) N=180 ALOS ALOS-2 Geometric error in slant range (m)

ALOS-3 (2020-) Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager (WISH) Items Specifications Orbit Type Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent Altitude 669 km at the equator Local Sun Time 10:30 am +/- 15 minutes at the descending node Revisit 35 days (Sub-cycle 3 days) Instruments - Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager (WISH, as a tentative) - Dual-frequencies Infrared sensor (hosted payload) Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) - Panchromatic band of WISH (Pa): 0.8 m - Multispectral band of WISH (Mu): 3.2 m (6 bands) Quantization 11 bit / pixel Swath width 70 km at nadir Mission data rate Approx. 4 Gbps (after onboard data compression: 1/4 (Pa) and 1/3 (Mu)) Mission data downlink - Direct Transmission: Ka and X-band - via. the Optical Data Relay Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch Size 5 m×16 m×3.5 m　on orbit Duty 10 mins / recurrent Design life time Over 7 years Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager (WISH)

WISH Observation channel band allocations among optical satellites (visible to near-infrared). Wavelength 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm 800 nm 900 nm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ALOS-3 Blue Green Red Near-IR Coastal Red Edge ALOS PRISM AVNIR-2 Blue Green Red Near-IR WorldVie w -2, 3 Blue Green Red Near-IR1 Coastal Yellow Red Edge Near-IR2

ALOS-4 (2020-) Launch JFY 2020, H3 launch vehicle Orbit Same orbit as ALOS-2 Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit Altitude: 628 km Inclination angle: 97.9 degree Local sun time at descending: 12:00 ± 15 min. Revisit time: 14 day (15-3/14 rev/day) Lifetime 7 years Satellite Mass approx. 3 tons Downlink 3.6 Gbps/1.8 Gbps (Ka-band) Data recorder 1 TByte Mission Instruments PALSAR-3 (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-3) SPAISE3 (SPace based AIS Experiment 3) Continuation and enhancement of the ALOS-2 missions and new applications: Land deformation and subsidence monitoring Disaster monitoring Other continuous missions and new applications Environmental monitoring, ocean, agriculture, natural resources Inspection of increasing aging infrastructures

PALSAR-3 Expanding swath width without decreasing the resolution and image quality of PALSAR-2 by using the digital beam forming (DBF). To guarantee the continuity of ALOS-2 applications, PALSAR-3 would inherit the major function and performance (NESZ, S/A, etc.) of PALSAR-2 PALSAR-3 PALSAR-2 Stripmap (res. 3/6/10 m) 100-200 km 30-70 km ScanSAR (res. 25m*) 700 km 350-490 km Spotlight (res. 1 x 3 m) 35km×35km　 25km×25km　 Swath width 100-200 km Multiple receive beams are formed by digital calculation of multi-channel signals *single look nominal

GOSAT-2 (2018-) TANSO-FTS-2 and CAI-2 TANSO-FTS-2 TANSO-CAI-2 Characteristics Life 5 years Orbit Sun-Synchronous (628km) Mass About 2 t Launch 2018 Observation CO2, CH4 and CO TANSO-CAI-2 Simultaneous CO (carbon monoxide) measurement All target mode capability Cloud-avoiding pointing with onboard camera TANSO-FTS-2 TANSO-CAI-2 (radiometer)