ECOLOGY BIG PICTURE REVIEW

WORDS TO KNOW POPULATION-a group of individuals of the same species in an area. IMMIGRATION-when new individuals move into an area EMIGRATION-when individuals move out of an area LIMITING FACTOR- Things that can control how big a population can get (food, shelter, water, predators, etc.) CARRYING CAPACITY-Highest number of individuals of a species an ecosystem can hold.

Population Size Births Deaths Births and immigration Fig. 53-3 Population Size Births Deaths Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Immigration Emigration

Populations grow when… -more organisms are born than die -There are unlimited resources for everyone Populations decline when… -more organisms die than are born -limited resources cause competition -predators are introduced -diseases are spread (this includes parasites).

ENERGY

Use your big picture review To define the words in your packet under 6.3

Predator/Prey Relationship A relationship where a predator eats a prey What do you think will happen to a predator population if the prey population decreases? What will happen to the prey population if the predator population decreases?

Competition A relationship between two or more organisms that use the same resources. There can be competition between members of the same species and competition between members of different species. Competition results in a reduction in the numbers of one or both competitors.

Parasitism A relationship where one organism benefits and another is harmed. One benefits and one is harmed Ex: tapeworms, fleas

Mutualism A relationship where both organisms benefit or are helped. Ex: Ants and Aphids Ants feed on the sugary honeydew left behind by aphids (they suck up sap from plants). In exchange, the ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites

Commensalism A relationship where one organism is helped while the other isn’t bothered or doesn’t care. Yes...it is Nemo Ex: Clownfish and Sea Aneome The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators not immune to the sting of the anemone. The clownfish is protected from the sting of the anemone tentacles by a substance contained in the mucous on its skin.

THE 10 % RULE Tertiary consumers 10 J The energy budget of an entire ecosystem can be visualized as a pyramid 100 J Secondary consumers Primary consumers 1,000 J Primary producers 10,000 J 1,000,000 J of sunlight

ENERGY PYRAMID Each block in the pyramid is called a TROPHIC LEVEL The lowest trophic level of the pyramid represents the producers and contains the most energy. The second level represents the primary consumers. A 90% decrease in useable energy The third level or secondary consumers will have 10% of the energy from the level below to use.

Food Chains and Trophic Levels Food Chain - The order that animals feed on other plants and animals within a community/ecosystem Trophic Level - The feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers, herbivore, primary carnivore

Food webs Animals often feed at several trophic levels This creates an interconnected group of food chains called a food web.

Important Vocabulary –check your answers Producers - organisms, like green plants, that produce organic compounds using the sun’s energy. These are also a type of autotroph. Consumers - organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms (by consuming). This is also a heterotroph. Can be carnivore, herbivore or omnivore. Decomposers - an organism of decay. They break down the remains of dead animals and plants, releasing the substances that can be used by other members of the ecosystem. Arrows show the direction of energy transfer

Cycles, Words to know. ecosystem- a collection of organisms and their physical environment Nitrogen fixing bacteria- convert nitrogen from air into a form used by plants. Denitrifying bacteria- break down living things to release nitrogen back into the air. Transpiration- water is released into the air from plants. evaporation- the sun heats water, causing it to rise into the air as water vapor. Condensation- when water vapor in the air cools into liquid water. Runoff- when water flows off the land to lower-lying bodies of water Combustion- the burning of fossil fuels that releases carbon into the air.