Earth’s Spheres 4 spheres 1. Geosphere – physical Earth Sometimes called lithosphere (outer crust) 2. Atmosphere – blanket of gas surrounding the planet 3. Hydrosphere – All of Earth’s water 4. Biosphere – all living things

Our Place in the Solar System 3rd Planet from the Sun We have seasons due to our tilt and revolution around the Sun

Earth’s History How old is Earth believed to be? 4.6 billion years old What are some of the most significant events in Earth’s history? ~3.5 billion years ago – first cells formed 2 bya – Oxygen Revolution 1.8 bya – first eukaryotic cells appeared

Other significant events: Paleozoic Era: Carboniferous period – current coal and oil deposits went into ground to begin forming (325 mya) Life transitions from sea to land

Mesozoic Era: Cenozoic Era: Reptiles dominate and mammals arose Mammals began to thrive

Agricultural Revolution 10,000-12,000 years ago Domestication of plants and animals Nomads  communities

Industrial Revolution 18th-19th centuries Movement from renewable energy to nonrenewable energy Prior to IR, biomass fuels (wood) most common

Feedback Loops Positive feedback Negative feedback Runaway cycle in one direction Negative feedback System keeps itself in check

Synergy The sum of two parts is greater than the two individually

Time Delays Any sort of event that takes a long time for a response or action to occur

Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is not created or destroyed, just changed. - Input = output

2nd Law of Thermodynamics Energy transfer is never 100% efficient – some will be lost to environment as heat An incandescent light bulb gives off about 95% of the energy used to power it as heat

Biomass Anything within the ecosystem considered a fuel resource Also the dry mass of organisms in the ecosystem

Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers – shows population of each level in a food chain

Pyramid of Biomass Shows the amount of biomass (dry weight of organisms) present at each trophic level in a food chain

Pyramid of Energy Drawn to show energy utilized at each trophic level

PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) –Rate at which an producers capture and store chemical energy as biomass in a given time period Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – The rate at which primary producers accumulate net useful chemical energy NPP = (Rate at which producers store chemical energy as biomass) – (Rate at which producers use some energy for respiration) NPP = GPP – Plant respiration

Productive Ecosystems Two most productive ecosystems on Earth: Wetlands Rain forests Least productive: The ocean (as a whole) Deserts

Biogeochemical Cycles Type of Cycle Major Storage Area Water In the oceans Carbon Dissolved into the oceans Phosphorous In Earth’s crust as rock Sulfur In Earth’s crust within rocks and minerals Nitrogen In the atmosphere

Nitrogen Cycle – *MUST KNOW* First Step: NITROGEN FIXATION: Bacteria (cyanobacteria (soil and H2O) and Rhizobium (roots)) convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia that can be used by plants. N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3 Nitrogen can also be fixed through lightning 3N2 + 6H2O -> 4NH3 + 2NO3

Second Step: NITRIFICATION: Ammonia is converted by Nitrosomonas to nitrite ions 2NH3 + 3O2 -> 2NO2 + 2H+ + 2H2O Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate ions, which are easily taken up by plants as a nutrient. 2NO2- + O2 -> 2NO3-

Third Step: ASSIMILATION – plant roots absorb nitrites, ammonium, and nitrates needed for growth. Fourth Step: AMMONIFICATION –Specialized decomposer bacteria convert animal wastes and dead organisms into ammonium

Fifth Step: DENITRIFICATION: Bacteria (Pseudomonas) convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas