Tempo Markings Tempo Markings: from the slowest… Grave: Very slow Largo, Lento: Slow Larghetto: A little faster than largo Adagio: Moderately slow Andante: Walking tempo Andantino: A little faster than Andante

Tempo Markings Allegretto: A little slower than Allegro Allegro: Fast Vivace: Lively Presto: Very fast Prestissimo: Very very fast

Tempo Markings Moderato: Moderately Molto: Very Accelerando (Accel.): Gradually becoming faster Ritardando, Ritard (Rit.), Rallentando (Rall.): Gradually becoming slower

Dynamics From the softest to the loudest Pianississimo (ppp): Very very soft Pianissimo (pp): Very soft Piano (p): Soft Mezzo Piano (mp): Medium soft Mezzo Forte (mf): Medium loud Forte (f): Loud Fortissimo (ff): Very Loud Fortississimo (fff): Very very loud

Dynamics Crescendo (cresc.): Gradually becoming louder Decrescendo (decresc.): Gradually becoming softer Diminuendo (dim.): Gradually becoming softer Subito: Suddenly

Repeat Signs and Other Symbols Brackets with the number 1 or 2: First or Second Ending D.S: Dal Segno---Go back to the Sign D.C: Da Capo---Go back to the beginning Coda: Special ending to a piece or section G.P: Grand Pause

Bowing Terminology Sul Ponticello: At the bridge Sul Tasto: Over the fingerboard Spiccato: Bouncing bow Col Legno: Playing with the wood of the bow Tie: Two of the same notes played with one bow Slur: Two different notes played with one bow Con Sordino: Using a mute Sforzando: heavy accent

Additional Markings Simile: To continue playing in the same way or manner Hemiola: Relationship of two to three Sempre: Always Syncopation: Shifting the natural stress or accent to a note not usually accented Trill: Musical ornament with the rapid alteration of a written note and a note above it Picardy Third: chord whose third is raised at the end of a minor piece

Sharps and Flats Order of Sharps: F C G D A E B Order of Flats: B E A D G C F Enharmonic Tones: Notes that sound the same but are spelled differently Example: A#/Bb; C#/Db

Key Signatures C: No Sharps or Flats G: 1 Sharp D: 2 Sharps A: 3 Sharps E: 4 Sharps B: 5 Sharps F#: 6 Sharps C#: 7 Sharps

Orchestra Clefs Violin: Treble Viola: Alto and Treble Cello/Bass: Bass, Tenor, and Treble

Key Signatures C: No Sharps or Flats F: 1 Flat Bb: 2 Flats Eb: 3 Flats Ab: 4 Flats Db: 5 Flats Gb: 6 Flats Cb: 7 Flats

Scales and Arpeggios Whole and half step relationship for Major Scale W W H W W W H Arpeggios: 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th note of any Major or minor scale To find relative minor of Major scale Go down 3 half steps from the first note of the scale Find the 6th note of a given scale

Chromatic Notes 12. B 11. A#/ Bb 10. A 9. G#/ Ab 8. G 7. F#/ Gb 6. E#/ F 5. E 4. D#/ Eb 3. D 2. C#/ Db 1. B#/ C

Music History: Timelines and Composers Medieval/Middle Ages: 400-1400 Renaissance: 1400-1600 Baroque: 1600-1750 Classical: 1750-1820 (1827) Romantic: 1820 (1827)-1900 Impressionist: 1885-1915 Contemporary: 1900-Present

Medieval/Middle Ages Period: 400-1400 Before the time of modern instruments No known composers in string orchestra history Primitive instruments Beginning of written music notation Neumes

Renaissance Period: 1400-1600 Development of modern instruments that we use today Motets, Chansons, Madrigals, and Organums

Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Terraced dynamics: sudden changes in volume J.S. Bach: (1685-1750) Death of Bach ended the Baroque Period Brandenburg Concertos Johann Pachelbel: (1653-1706) Canon in D Major G.F. Handel: (1685-1759) Messiah German composer that later became an English citizen

Baroque Period: 1600-1750 G.P. Telemann (1686-1767) Viola Concerto in G Major Antonio Vivaldi: (1675-1741) The Four Seasons Arcangelo Corelli: (1653-1713) Christmas Concerto

Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Concerto Grosso: Piece for solo instruments (concertato) complimented with a larger group of instruments (ripieno) Concerto: Soloist typically accompanied by an orchestra Orchestras typically lead by a violinist or keyboardist

Classical Period: 1750-1820 (1827) Balance, Proportion, Symmetry F.J. Haydn: (1732-1809) Father of the Symphony Over 100 Symphonies W.A. Mozart: (1756-1791) Over 40 Symphonies Ludwig van Beethoven: (1770-1827) 9 Symphonies Mannheim Orchestra: First to use crescendos

Classical Period: 1750-1820 (1827) Development of the modern string quartet 1st Violin 2nd Violin Viola Cello Not common to have a bass unless a piece was written for as a string quintet

Romantic Period: 1820 (1827)-1900 Highly emotional works Tschaikowsky: (1840-1893) Nutcracker 6 Symphonies 1812 Overture Johannes Brahms: (1833-1897) 4 Symphonies Felix Mendelssohn: (1809-1847) String Sinfonias Violin Concerto

Impressionist Period: 1885-1915 Paralleled the time of many French painters Most noted was Claude Monet Music centered around texture and not form Tone color and/or timbre Claude Debussy: (1862-1918) Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Maurice Ravel: (1875-1937) Bolero Tzigane: Violin solo

20th Century: 1900-Present Also known as Contemporary or Modern Aaron Copland: (1900-1990) American Fanfare for the Common Man Appalachian Spring Hoedown George Gershwin: (1896-1937) Rhapsody in Blue Porgy and Bess

20th Century: 1900-Present Leonard Bernstein: (1918-1990) West Side Story Candide: Most played overture in the world