Unit 13: Global Climate Change Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?) 16 CHAPTER

Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands Sea levels are rising worldwide. Scientists link this to global climate change. Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination. Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?

Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.

Weather Climate Weather vs. Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Weather vs. Climate Weather _____________ - day to day conditions ____________ - an area’s average weather conditions over a long period of time Climate

Factors that Influence Earth’s Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Factors that Influence Earth’s Climate Three Main Factors: ____________________ _______________________________ _______________________ The Sun Global Wind Patterns The Oceans

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Energy from the sun is transferred to the Earth by ______________ About ____% of radiation is _____________ back into space but the rest is _____________ and converted to ________ Radiation 30 Reflected Absorbed Heat

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Greenhouse Effect _______________________- A natural process in which greenhouse gases _______________ and _____________________ back into the atmosphere Greenhouse gases _________________________ that has been converted to heat at Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases _______________ and release it _________ Absorb heat Release it slowly Do NOT trap energy Absorb heat slowly

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate If greenhouse gases keep heat in the atmosphere, why don’t they block solar energy from getting to Earth in the first place? The energy that the ____________________________________ and since it is of _________________________________________, it can be __________________________________________ Earth radiates is mainly heat Lower energy than solar radiation Absorbed by the Greenhouse gases

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Some examples or greenhouse gases are: ________________ ___________________ Water Vapor } Major Carbon Dioxide } Ozone Minor Nitrous Oxide Methane

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Is the greenhouse effect a bad thing? _________ Without it, it would be ___________ for life on Earth as we know it. NO!! Too cold

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Latitude ____________ is a measure of a place’s distance from the _____________. The sun strikes different parts of the globe at different ____________. In general, the ________________________, the _________ a location’s overall __________ will be. The _____________ are also caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth. Equator angles Greater the latitude Cooler climate seasons

The Sun’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Sun’s Effect on Climate Sunspot Cycles A sunspot is a ________ spot on the sun caused by the sun’s _______________ field The ____________________ present on the surface of the sun, the ________________ the sun gives off The number of sunspots rises and falls every ___________ dark magnetic More sunspots More radiation 11 years

Wind’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Wind’s Effect on Climate Convection Currents Caused by ______________________ resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air Transports ____________________ Moisture & Heat

Wind’s Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Wind’s Effect on Climate Warm air Global wind patterns move ____________ away from the __________, toward poles. Cold air moves from ____________________. Winds pick up ____________ and can carry it for long distances until it falls as __________________. equator Poles to equator Moisture Precipitation

Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate currents affect climate heat Ocean __________________________ by transporting _____. The currents are caused by a combination of unequal ___________ of water and unequal ____________. ________________ salty water moves along the ___________ and ____________________ water moves deep beneath the ocean’s surface Known as _____________________ circulation heating salinity Warm, less surface Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Cold, more salty Thermohaline

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate El Niño La Niña ___________ and _____________ are disruptions to normal climate patterns Both are caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ___________________________________. Ocean and the atmosphere Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate The little boy El Niño means ____________________. ____________ than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Caused by a __________________ of the trade winds Warmer weakening Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate The little girl La Niña means ____________________ ___________ than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Caused by a ______________________ of the trade winds Cooler strengthening Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate 9-12 months El Niño & La Niña typically last __________________ They occur about every __________________ (however, the pattern is extremely _____________) They disrupt weather patterns _________________ 3-5 years irregular Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm worldwide

The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate The Oceans’ Effect on Climate Back & Forth Carbon Dioxide moves ________________ between the ______________________________ Oceans can hold ___________ more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere This can have a ________________ since CO2 is a ____________________. Unfortunately, the oceans absorb CO2 more _________ than it is being _______________________________. Atmosphere & Ocean Water 50 times Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Cooling effect Greenhouse gas slowly Added to the atmosphere

Other Factors That Effect Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Other Factors That Effect Climate Topography ___________________________ of an area ___________________ have ________ temperatures Mountain ranges affect _________ patterns. Surface Characteristics Higher Altitudes cooler rainfall Mount Cayambe

Other Factors That Affect Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Other Factors That Affect Climate Volcanoes Gases and particles can temporarily __________________, causing air to _______. Not a _______________________ Block sunlight cool Long lasting effect Mount St. Helens

Other Factors That Affect Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Other Factors That Affect Climate Vegetation Promotes ___________________. Absorbs __________________. Cloud formation Carbon dioxide

Other Factors That Affect Climate Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Other Factors That Affect Climate Earth’s orbit Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s _______ affect the distribution of __________________. ___________ are at least partially caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis axis Solar radiation Ice Ages

Lesson 16.2 Climate Change According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind 2005. The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.

Global Climate Change vs. Global Warming Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate Global Climate Change vs. Global Warming many Global Climate Change – ________ climate changes, such as _______________, rainfall, ________________ & ______________________ Global Warming – an increase in Earth’s average ___________________________ temperature Wind patterns Storm frequency Surface temperatures http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global warming is occurring Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate IPCC United Nations In 1988, the _________________ and the World Meteorological Association established the ________________________________________________ (IPCC) ______________ of experts on the panel combined their findings They determined that _______________________________ and that human activities have _______________ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Thousands Global warming is occurring contributed

Evidence of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Evidence of Climate Change Global surface temperatures Rising __________________________________ According to the ______, the average atmospheric temperatures near Earth’s surface ____________ by 0.74°C between __________________ IPCC increased 1906 & 2005

Evidence of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Evidence of Climate Change Precipitation patterns 2) Changes in _______________________ _____________________ to precipitation patterns have occurred over the past 100 years Some areas are receiving ____________, some are receiving ________ _____________________ have increased in both dry and moist regions Complex changes More rain less Heavy Rainstorms

Evidence of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Evidence of Climate Change Melting Ice (Glaciers & Artic Ice) 3) ______________________________________________ Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. Top: 1913: Bottom: 2008

Evidence of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Evidence of Climate Change Rising Sea Levels 4) ______________________ It is estimated that ________ sea level has risen _______________ in the past century One reason for this is ________________________ When something gets __________, its volume ____________ (ex. ___________________) global 6.7 inches Thermal Expansion http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-level-rise/ http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ warmer increases Thermometer

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change In order to understand something that is ____________, we need to be able to look at the _______________________ so that we can predict the ________ ________________________ is used to study the present climate. changing Past & the present future Direct measurement

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change Past In order to study ______ climate, scientists use ___________________ Proxy indicators are types of __________ evidence that serve as proxies (or ______________) for direct measurements Examples: Clues in Ice, Sediments & Tree Rings Proxy Indicators indirect substitutes

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change Proxy Indicators Clues in the Ice As ice forms, _______________________ become trapped inside Long ___________ (columns) are taken and the tiny bubbles and ice can be analyzed to determine the ________________ of the air and ice during a given _________________ This can give scientists clues about the temperatures at a given time Tiny bubbles of air Ice cores composition Time Period

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change Proxy Indicators 2) Clues in the ____________ Consist of particles or rock and soil that have been ________________ Ancient sediments often preserve _____________________________ This information can be used to determine possible _____________ for a given location Sediment Deposited Pollen Grains & plants climate composition

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change Proxy Indicators 3) Clues in ___________________ When looking at tree rings, a pair or ______________ rings represents ____________ of tree growth The _______ of the tree rings indicates how much the tree grew in a particular season A wide ring would generally indicate a _____________ year Tree Rings Light & dark One Year width Warm, wet composition

Studying Climate Change Which tree would be more useful in studying past climate?

Studying Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Studying Climate Change Predict future climate change In order to ___________________________________, scientists will often use ____________________ A climate model is a program that takes __________________ about the atmosphere and oceans and uses it to ___________________________________ Climate models must be rigorously ________ against past data _________________________ to predict future data Climate models What is known Simulate climate processes tested Before they are used composition

Finding the Cause of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Finding the Cause of Climate Change Measurements have shown that the levels of greenhouse gases are __________________________________ today Many scientists (and the IPCC) believe that this increase in greenhouse gases is ______________________________________ and therefore causing _______________________ “97% of climate scientists believe that the climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activity” – climate.nasa.gov Increasing in the atmosphere Increasing the greenhouse effect Global warming http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/

Finding the Cause of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Finding the Cause of Climate Change Carbon Dioxide __________________ (CO2 ) is not the only greenhouse gas that has been increasing But, because it is the __________________, it is considered the ____________________ for climate change Most abundant Most responsible

Finding the Cause of Climate Change Lesson 16.2 Climate Change Finding the Cause of Climate Change Most scientists agree that the extra CO2 in the atmosphere is the result of __________________ The burning of ________________ releases CO2 into the atmosphere ___________________________ also increases the atmospheric CO2 concentration because those trees no longer ____________ CO2 Human Activity Fossil Fuels Cutting Down Forests Take in

People Like to Disagree Lesson 16.2 Climate Change People Like to Disagree While many think that human activities are causing global warming, others think that global warming is being caused by mainly natural causes and some do not think it is happening at all This is an issue of mass political debate

Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change In 2003, a severe heat wave in Europe killed 35,000 people.

Effects on Organisms Habitats Shift Poles Altitudes Lilac Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Effects on Organisms Habitats Shift 1) ________________ Toward the _________ Toward higher ____________. Ex. California _________ Moved up mountains by 215 feet . Poles Altitudes Lilac

Effects on Organisms Migration Times Earlier 2 Weeks Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Effects on Organisms Migration Times 2) Changing ______________ Migrations start _________ in the spring. Ex. Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about _____________ earlier than they did in 1970. . Earlier 2 Weeks

Problems Obtaining Food Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Effects on Organisms Problems Obtaining Food 3) ______________________________ Loss of ice makes hunting ________ difficult for ______________. Seals Polar Bears

Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans warmer Coral Bleaching Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans 4) ______________________ Oceans are becoming ________. Ex. ________________– algae in corals are dying and so the corals die too *Scientists do not fully understand why the algae is dying warmer Coral Bleaching

Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans Absorbing Atmosphere Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans 4) ______________________ (continued) Oceans are ____________ more CO2 since there is more in the ______________ When CO2 dissolves in water, it forms _____________ H2O + CO2 → H2CO3 Overtime, this acidification can ______________________________ Absorbing Atmosphere Carbonic Acid Harm Ocean Organisms

The Future of Ecosystems Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change The Future of Ecosystems It is ________________ all of the effects that climate change might have on ecosystems An increase in CO2 might _______________________ However, if ____________________ increase, vegetation might __________ We may lose species to climate change which would decrease _____________ Hard to Predict Increase vegetation Droughts and fires decrease biodiversity

Current Effects of Global Climate Change Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Current Effects of Global Climate Change Effects are complex Agriculture and forestry: __________________________. Can be positive: _________________ growing season for some crops Can be negative: _______________________________ Economy: Decreased _________; increased property damage due to __________________ Human health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause _________________________ Lengthened Droughts & Forest Fires yields Severe storms Heat stroke and death

Possible Future Effects of Climate Change Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Possible Future Effects of Climate Change Diseases: Warmer temperatures can ________________________________ transmitted from animals to people. Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas ____________ as sea levels rise. Water supply: Saltwater contamination of __________ resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten _________________________. Promote the spread of diseases May flood Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease aquifers Freshwater supplies

Underwater Meeting to Raise Awareness Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change Maldives Underwater Meeting to Raise Awareness

Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of the electricity used in the United States. Energy conserving light bulbs

Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change We Need YOU No matter what your stance on global warming, we are responsible for taking care of our planet. Better safe than sorry.

Response to Climate Change Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Response to Climate Change Two basic approaches to addressing climate change: ______________ - protecting people from the ___________ of global warming Ex. ______________________ around Maldives’ capital to protect roads 2) _____________ - ____________ greenhouse gas emissions (_________________________ of the problem) Ex. Reduce the amount of carbon dioxide each person is responsible for (_____________________) Effects Adaptation Building a sea wall Mitigation reducing Eliminate the source Carbon Footprint

Response to Climate Change Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Response to Climate Change Even though both are important, which strategy will be the most important long term: adaptation or mitigation? Mitigation

Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity 70% ______ of electricity is generated by burning ______________ in the US. Reducing __________ use reduces carbon footprints. Fossil Fuels electricity

Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Ways to reduce electricity use: Use ___________________ technologies, which _________ the electricity needed to do a job. Energy Efficient Lessen

Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Ways to reduce electricity use: ________________ of electrical devices and appliances. Ex. _________________ when not in use Reduce the use Turn off the lights

Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity Alternative _____________ Sources of Electricity – produce energy without _______________ __________ power ________ power _______ power _______________ power ______________ power Fossil fuels Nuclear Solar Wind Hydroelectric Geothermal

Mitigation: Transportation Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Transportation Transportation 2nd ________________ is the _____ largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States Alternatives to fuel-only cars include: Gasoline-electric __________ vehicles Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed ____________________ Vehicles that use _________________________. Hybrid Natural Gas Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Energy Loss in a Car

Mitigation: Transportation Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Mitigation: Transportation Biking, Walking ___________________, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use. Many communities lack good _________________________. Public Transportation

Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Agriculture / forestry: Since soil and trees both take in CO2: 1) _____________________ 2) ______________________ Reduce Soil Erosion Replace Cut Trees

Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Cap-and-Trade: System of __________________________ that can be sold or traded Gives companies incentive to ______________________ Only works well if the cap is progressively ____________ Emission Allowances Reduce Emissions Lowered

Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Carbon tax A _____________________________ on emissions The downside is that most companies simply pass the cost down to _______________ Government tax per unit consumers

Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Carbon offsets Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies (or individuals) can make a ______________________ to a group that _____________________________________. Ex. Pay someone to plant a tree when you take a plane trip Voluntary payment Reduces or curbs greenhouse emissions

Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Carbon sequestration Technology is used to __________________ carbon dioxide emissions. Trap and store

Cooperation Among Nations Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change Cooperation Among Nations Kyoto Protocol The ___________________ is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below _________________. The _____________ sign the Kyoto Protocol. Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future. 1990 Levels US did not

CO2 Emissions by Country

China & US Announcement on Climate Change November 12. 2014

China & US Announcement on Climate Change This most recent announcement includes the following: •    The United States pledges to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions ____________________________ by 2025 and will try for 28 percent. •    China pledges to have its carbon dioxide emissions _____________________ and will try to accomplish this earlier – it will also strive to meet ____________ of primary energy demand through zero-carbon sources.  The present agreement is _______________ but both countries agree to have binding components in an international agreement 26% below 2005 levels Peak around 2030 http://csis.org/publication/uschina-joint-announcement-climate-change-how-big-deal 20 percent Non-binding