Section 1 The First People The Beginnings of Civilization Prehistory to 1000 BC 1

Studying the Distant Past Anthropologists Studies human material remains Archaeologists Excavate sites to find objects that will give them clues New findings are constantly revising our knowledge of history Anthropologists study culture and artifacts Studying the Distant Past 2

Human Origins Key Discoveries 3 Mary Leakey finds “Nutcracker Skull” in East Africa. 1.75 million years old. Donald Johanson found partial skeleton called Lucy in Ethiopia. ML finds footprints in Tanzania - oldest evidence of hominids walking upright. 3.5 million years old 2001 skull resembling both Australopithicine and chimpanzee found in Central Africa. 6-7 million years old Walking upright = free to use hands for handling tools Human Origins 3

Human Origins Modern Humans 4 Everyone today is a Homo sapien, means “wise man.” Had larger brains than earlier species Developed sophisticated tools, shelter, and learned to use fire May be the first with spoken language because of increased brain function Cooperate Hunt in groups Resolve issues Form stronger relationships and interact with others Human Origins 4

Spreading Around the World Early humans began to move because of the change in climate. 1.6 million years ago, earth cycled between cold and warm periods revealing new areas of land. (Ice Age) Ability to walk upright and control fire enabled migration out of Africa into the other continents. By 9000 BC humans spread to all but Antarctica Spreading Around the World 5

Spreading Around the World Adaptation to new environments causes genetic variety One view – two groups of modern humans Neanderthals (200,000-30,000 years ago). Died out. May not have been homo sapiens Cro-Magnons (40,000 years ago). Sturdy and muscular, looked like humans today. Made tools, and had better hunting and survival skills Spreading Around the World 6

First humans lived in the Paleolithic Era, the early part of the Stone Age – people made tools from stone (2.5 million to 10,000 years ago) People were nomadic, hunted and gathered food, and men and women were equal Later learned to work with wood and bone. Led to better tools which improved hunting Other tools: string from plant fiber = net for fish and small animals Bow and arrow, bone hooks, fishing spears Canoe for travel Needle from bone = animal skin clothing, shoes, hats, carrying sacks Life in the Stone Age 7

Began to form societies of shared cultures, which included language, art, and spiritual beliefs Cro-Magnons and other Stone Age people produced a variety of art from coal, clay, and iron Scholars unsure about meaning of art. Anthropologists think they practiced animism, belief that all things in nature have spirits. Life in the Stone Age 8

READING CHECK! What methods are used to study the distant past? What does evidence suggest about human origins? How did early people spread around the world? How did early people adapt to life in the Stone Age? READING CHECK!

Section 2 The Beginning of Agriculture The Beginnings of Civilization Prehistory to 1000 BC 10

Development of Agriculture New tools that were polished and grinded instead of chipped led to Neolithic Era – New Stone Age 10,000 years ago, people learned to farm. Turning point because it changed the way people lived. Plants – learned to grow the best seeds and domesticated wild plants to produce larger food supplies Development of Agriculture

Development of Agriculture Domesticated animals led to larger and more reliable food supply Dogs among the first. Used for hunting and guarding Cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep used for meat, milk, and clothing Large animals used for pulling heavy loads and farming The development of agriculture and domestication of animals happened independently around the world at different times. It spread slowly through trade and travel. Development of Agriculture

Agriculture Changes Society By 6000 BC, early farming led to growth of villages and cities as more people settled together. Led to: Job specialization – people performing different tasks in the group Extra food for trade Differences in social status because of wealth and influence Religion War with other societies for more land and resources Spread of diseases like flu, measles, and smallpox Agriculture Changes Society

Development of Agriculture New technologies Use of animals and new tools led to better farming and food preparation techniques (like pottery for cooking and storing food) Learned to spin yarn from wool of goats and sheep to make blankets and clothes Learned to use metal, first copper then bronze (a mix of copper and tin). Bronze was harder and stronger. Led to Bronze Age in 3000 BC Development of Agriculture

What new tools and technologies did early humans develop during the New Stone Age? How did early agriculture develop and spread? In what ways did the development of agriculture change Stone Age Society? READING CHECK!

Section 3 Foundations of Civilization The Beginnings of Civilization Prehistory to 1000 BC 16

From Villages to Cities Development of irrigation led to farming more land and producing surpluses of food to support large populations and trade Less people needed to farm created other jobs in the village like weavers, potters, and religious leaders – division of labor Leaders began to make decisions for the village From Villages to Cities

From Villages to Cities CHARACTERISTICS OF CITIES Larger and more populated than villages Diverse people Formal organization (city centers, government buildings, boundaries/walls) Centers of trade From Villages to Cities

The First Civilizations Civilizations formed from early cities usually near fertile river valleys. Examples: Ur and Uruk near Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Middle East Memphis on the Nile River, Africa Mohenjo Daro on the Indus River, India Anyang near the Huange He (Yellow River), China The First Civilizations

The First Civilizations Civilizations had: Developed cities Organized government (decision making and building projects) Formalized religion (ceremonies and rituals) Division of labor Social classes (based on occupation, wealth, and influence) Record keeping and writing (track history, calendars) Art and architecture (symbols of power and ruler’s prestige) The First Civilizations

Change in Civilizations Environmental influences (floods, droughts, storms, etc.) led to expansion in trade to get scarce resources Cultural diffusion – spread of ideas, beliefs, customs, and technology from one people to anther because of : Trade Migration Conquest Competition for resources led to war and conflict. Nomads became skilled warriors to protect their herds Change in Civilizations

READING CHECK! Why did some early villages develop into cities? What characterized the world’s first civilizations and where did they develop? What factors cause civilizations to change over time? READING CHECK!