Chapter 4 – Native Americans Keys to Understanding – Read through and write in your notes ALL of them Page 85 Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper you can hand in! – Pages 86-90 Who were those people who moved into the North American continent and eventually to the Pacific Northwest? When did they first arrive? Where did they come from? Why did these early immigrants risk their lives to start a new life in the Western Hemisphere or the New World? How did they cross the vast Pacific and Atlantic oceans?

Unit 3 – Native Americans Page 84 - Current Issues Update

Original Inhabitants Native Americans were the first inhabitants Scientists suggest that it may have been 30,000 to 50,000 years ago Came from Central Asia Lived here 14,000 years Most likely walked/canoed from Alaska

Migrational Hypotheses Ice Bridge Land Bridge Continental Shelf Kon Tiki Ra Continental Drift Atlantis Mu Read through page 87

Reasons for Migration Why did Native Americas migrate to North America? In search of food For a milder climate A better and safer environment For adventure Driven there

Worksheet Assignment

Geologic Observations What were some of them?

Legends Concerning Indian Origins What is the general legend of the creation of Native American Tribes? What were the specific stories about how the tribes were formed? Iltswetsix Wishpoosh Coyote Charger What do these stories tell us about Native Americans beliefs?

Create a cartoon of one of the ways tribes were thought to be formed. In Class Assignment

In Class Reading Assignment Read pages 91 – 92 Uncovering the past through Richey Clovis Cache

Reading Quiz  1. The Ozette Dig found a ___________ village that was covered by a mud slide. 2. What did the mastodon at the Manis Mastodon site have between its ribs? 3. The Richey Clovis Cache was found in an _______________. 4. E.C. 1 pt. Spell the great sea monsters name correctly.

Important Archaeological Finds Marmes Man Ozette Dig Manis Mastodon Richey Clovis Cache Kennewick Man

Marmes Man – 1950s-60s Ozette Dig - 1966 A Makah village was uncovered Human skeletal bones were found What did they confirm? That humans lived in the PNW some 11,000 years ago Ozette Dig - 1966 A Makah village was uncovered A mudslide had covered it 50,000 Indian artifacts were found

Manis Mastodon - 1977 Remains of a mastodon were found Evidence of? A man made weapon embedded in the ribs Evidence of? The fact that humans hunted there in the final stages of the ice age

Richy Clovis Cache - 1987 Controversial digging site Read Page 92

Pacific Northwest Indians Arrived around 14,000 to 30,000 years ago What are the two types of climates in the PNW? There are 2 Indian Types Coastal - Permanent Plateau - Nomadic

Contrasting Cultures Read page 94 Introduction

Physical Appearance What do you have written? Reddish-brown skin color Straight black hair Dark brown or black eye color Broad forehead High prominent cheekbones Little facial and body hair

Location Coastal Indians Plateau Indians Lived on the coastlines of the Pacific Ocean, Strait of Juan de Fuca, San Juan Islands, and the Puget sound area Generally did not communicate with other tribes Plateau Indians Lived between the Cascade and Rocky mountains Nomadic Constantly seeking fresh water, food, shelter, and safety More conflicts Read last paragraph on page 95

Tribal Units – What were some? Coastal Tribes Makah Tillamook Chinook Suquamish Etc. Plateau Tribes Nez Perce Spokane Walla Walla Yakima/Yakama Palouse Shoshone

Tribal Structure – Coastal Indians Represented several: Families, clans, councils, village, or lodges The top is the chief Then Shaman – Medicine man or spiritual leader Social class was determined by birth or wealth Wealthiest was chief Lowest class Slaves – usually captured tribe members

Tribal Structure – Plateau Indians Very similar Valued courage and wisdom Moved up in the tribe hierarchy Chiefs were supposed to keep peace Fought wars Settled quarrels Did not value material possessions and slaves Valued survival

Native American Communication What did you have written? Through songs, chants, dances, totem poles, pattern designs on blankets, pictures, storytelling, etc. Why was it hard to communicate? Lots of dialects How did they communicate history and their past?

Clothing of Native Americans What did you have? The Coastal Indians: Summer: Males: Breech cloths, Barefoot, Leggings, and Moccasins Females: Skirts and Dresses Winter: Capes, ponchos, robes, etc. Cone shaped hats To keep dry and warm

Clothing of Native Americans Ctn. Plateau Indians Wore decorative clothes Clothing reflected the materials available in their environment Summer: Males: Breechcloths, leather moccasins, and leather leggings Females: Decorative dresses Winter: Heavy garments made from animals skins

Clothing of Native Americans Ctn. Both groups of Indians: Designed colorful blankets and beautiful ceremonial clothing Headdresses, feathers, bones, beads, jewelry, shells, metallic objects, horns, animal teeth, etc. In other words…. Took their appearance seriously like many people today.

Work Time

Review Where are the two places that Indians were located? What are some distinguishing features of Native Americans? How did people get to North America? Why did they leave for North America? What were some things a chief does? What are some names of Indian tribes in the Pacific Northwest?

Diet What did you have written? PNW Indians hunted, fished, and gathered food Coastal Indians: Ate foods like – Whale, salmon, otter, seal, clams, oysters, halibut, and other fish Hunted – Deer, elk, bear, mountain goats and sheep Most foods were eaten right away Did dry food if they wanted to save it

Hunting and Gathering What did you have? Plateau Indians Had to compete for food and water Nomadic by necessity Hunted: Deer, antelope, bear, elk, buffalo, prairie dogs, beaver, etc. Would eat anything if desperate enough Gathered: Berries, roots, nuts, and seed Fished: Salmon – page 101

Whaling What was the most respected tribe for their whaling skillz? Some history http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XDW2BMA4YM Read page 101 - 102

Native American Shelter What did you have written? Coastal Indians Lived in a large permanent structure Made of planks or cedar log Plateau Indians Seldom used permanent structures Lived in tepees In winter they lived in caves or constructing a pit house

Transportation What did you have written? How did the Native Americans originally travel? By foot or canoe Who introduced the Native Americans to a new form of transportation? Spanish/Europeans What was it? Horse

Canoe Primary means of travel for the coastal Indians How did they build a canoe? Cut a cedar tree Took off the bark Dug out the wood inside Burned the insides Filled it with hot water Heated outside Separated interior area Braced the separated edges Smoothed the bottom https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enMSwz5BWGo

Canoe Ctn. What was the purpose of a canoe? To transport people To haul trading goods and supplies To go fishing and whaling To wage war *Largest may have been over 30 feet in length

Horse Increased the nobility of the Plateau Indian May tribes were respected for their horsemanship Examples: Shoshone, Nez Perce, and Klickitat Native Americans Reaction to Horses – Page 106-107 What was a travois? Consisted of two long poles Attached to animals shoulders A woven mat/animal hides covered the middle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDd8YcjGjLI

Economic Activities What did you have written? What were the 3 basic roles of men? What did the women do?

Economic Activities Summary of Economic Activities Men: Hunters, fishers, and warriors Women: Raised children and gathered food Both groups of N.A. loved to barter and negotiate Read last two paragraphs to understand what each group does

Worksheet

Tools and Implements What did you have written? Primitive Tools Did not use metal until after Europeans arrived Used materials such as horns, animal bone, animal hair, wood, rock, and grasses. Created baskets, blankets, hammers, chisels, knives, fishhooks, harpoons, spears, clubs, bows, spoons, boxes, etc.

Recreation What types of Recreation were there? Recreation was where individuals expressed bravery and athletic skills Activities included: Racing (Canoes and on foot) Tug-of-war Wrestling Bow and arrow contests Spear throwing Horsemanship Gambling

Ceremonies and Religion What did you have written for ceremonies? There were events for things like: Puberty – Met with spirits in the woods Marriage Burials What did you have written for religion? Based on personal beliefs and spiritual experiences Animism – Based upon the direct relationship between the individual and his or her spirit Spirits in animals, plants, stars, etc. Each person had a spiritual experience

A Pow Wow What is it? – Read Page 109

The Shaman Who was he? Why was he important to the tribe? What did the tribe ask him to help with?

Native Americans and New People What did Europeans bring with them to Native Americans? Small pox Chicken pox Cholera Measles Burial Ceremony Read 2nd paragraph on page 112

The Potlatch What was a Potlatch? Meant “to give” Chief or tribe hosted a tremendous party Gave gifts to the guests Object was to show generosity …. As well as to demonstrate wealth Got crazy like our parties… page 114

Social Organization What did you have written? The male was dominant Provider and protector Responsible for hunting, fishing, and conducting business The women handled the day-to-day routine things Cared for children Gathered food Made clothes Children respected their elders

Paper Assignment We will start this paper tomorrow For Monday you need to sign up for a Pacific Northwest Tribe