Aim: How successful was the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s?

Slavery in American History (1619-1865)

Slavery in American History In 1619, the 1st African slaves were introduced in the colonies By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the main colonial labor system: Slaves worked on tobacco & rice plantations in Southern colonies Slaves worked as domestic servants in Northern colonies

But, the Founding Fathers did not abolish slavery Before the American Revolution, slaves were present in each of the 13 colonies The Revolutionary War (1776-1783) changed attitudes towards slavery By 1804, 9 outlawed slavery In 1808, the USA outlawed the African slave trade The Northwest Ordinance (1787), outlawed slavery

Slavery in American History From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased in America as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South During Manifest Destiny, slavery tensions increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue

“King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South 1790 1830

The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue Slavery in America, 1860 Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, & Harriet Beecher Stowe attacked slavery From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue During Manifest Destiny, tensions over slavery increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added Sectional events led to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860 1860

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery

Reconstruction & the Jim Crow Era (1865-1954)

The Union victory in the Civil War led to the: 13th Amendment (ended slavery) 14th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen) 15th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen) Freedman’s Bureau & Reconstruction Act The South responded with the KKK & black codes; Reconstruction ended in 1877

States with Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws created segregation Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses Most blacks were sharecroppers Civil rights leaders WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington fought against segregation laws; the NAACP was formed to help African Americans In 1896, the Supreme Court declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case

World War I & the 1920s During WWI, the Great Migration led African American workers into the North; Black soldiers fought in segregated units In the 1920s, African Americans experienced the Harlem Renaissance In the 1930s, FDR’s New Deal discriminated against black workers

In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South World War II FDR pressured to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South

In the 1950s, white flight to the suburbs & Jim Crow laws left the U.S. segregated

EARLY Successes in modern Civil Rights In 1948, Truman became the 1st president to attack segregation: Truman issued an executive order to integrate the military He outlawed discrimination in the hiring of government employees In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1st black major league baseball player

The Modern Civil Rights Movement (1950s)

Songs of the Civil Rights Movement In the song lyrics, what does “the prize” refer to? Explain. Song

According to Chas. E. Bledsoe, what was one problem that existed within the Topeka, Kansas, school system in 1950?

The Struggle Over Civil Rights Segregated school districts spend 10 times more on white students than black students The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The NAACP took the lead in civil rights; Segregated schools became their primary target Their strategy was to use lawsuits to challenge that segregation violated the 14th Amendment The NAACP 1st targeted unfair university graduate admissions

Brown v. Board of Education Read through the document and then with a partner, answer the questions (#1-5) that follow in your notebook.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house. NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14th Amendment to attack public school segregation Argument: Even “equal” schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal” Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent Chief Justice Earl Warren

Thurgood Marshall & his NAACP legal team Thurgood Marshall’s success in Brown made him the most famous black lawyer in the U.S.; In 1967, he became the 1st black justice appointed to the Supreme Court Linda Brown

What is the message of this cartoon? “I’m eight. I was born on the day of the Supreme Court Decision.” What is the message of this cartoon? Significant integration did not begin until mid/late 1960s

The Century: America’s Time – Happy Days What were the major civil rights events of the 1950s? VIDEO 21:20 - 29:35 While you watch, answer the following questions on your worksheet (take extra notes too of important people, events, etc…this will serve as your notes): 1. Who were two early African American leaders that ignited a revolution for African Americans? 2. What did Martin Luther King Jr. encourage people to boycott for 381 days because of its segregationist policies? Was it successful? 3. Who were the Little Rock Nine, and who did President Eisenhower have to call in to Little Rock, Arkansas to help desegregate Central High?

December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the colored section to a white person What did Rosa Parks refuse to do that led to the situation shown in the picture?

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks’ actions transformed the movement Lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Baptist minister from Georgia – told NAACP, “We’re tired of being segregated & humiliated!” Bus boycott lasted OVER A YEAR! 1956 - the Supreme Court ruled the Montgomery bus segregation law was unconstitutional

Ended segregation on Montgomery buses! Results of Montgomery Bus Boycott… Ended segregation on Montgomery buses! Led to founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) by Martin Luther King, Jr. Coordinated nonviolent civil rights protests all over South Boycott made Martin Luther King a national figure in civil rights movement

Integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus The “Little Rock Nine”