Parent’s evening appointments For tonight!

Monopolies & Market Structure Intro to Monopolies Monopolies & Market Structure Mrs Gordon's notes

Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Market structure – identifies how a market is made up in terms of: The number of firms in the industry The nature of the product produced The degree of power each firm has The degree to which the firm can influence price Profit levels Firms’ behaviour – pricing strategies, non-price competition, output levels The extent of barriers to entry The impact on efficiency Mrs Gordon's notes

Market Structure More competitive (fewer imperfections) Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Perfect Competition Pure Monopoly More competitive (fewer imperfections) Mrs Gordon's notes

Less competitive (greater degree of imperfection) Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Perfect Competition Pure Monopoly Less competitive (greater degree of imperfection) Mrs Gordon's notes

Monopolistic Competition Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Pure Monopoly Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Duopoly Monopoly The further right on the scale, the greater the degree of monopoly power exercised by the firm. Mrs Gordon's notes

Market Structure Importance: Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Importance: Degree of competition affects the consumer – will it benefit the consumer or not? Impacts on the performance and behaviour of the company/companies involved Mrs Gordon's notes

Market Structure Models – a word of warning! Intro to Monopolies Market Structure Models – a word of warning! Market structure deals with a number of economic ‘models’ These models are a representation of reality to help us to understand what may be happening in real life There are extremes to the model that are unlikely to occur in reality They still have value as they enable us to draw comparisons and contrasts with what is observed in reality Models help therefore in analysing and evaluating – they offer a benchmark Mrs Gordon's notes

So now can you predict a monopoly’s characteristics Intro to Monopolies Market Structure So now can you predict a monopoly’s characteristics Characteristics of each model: Number and size of firms that make up the industry Control over price or output Freedom of entry and exit from the industry Nature of the product – degree of homogeneity (similarity) of the products in the industry (extent to which products can be regarded as substitutes for each other) Diagrammatic representation – the shape of the demand curve, etc. One – exceeds 25% market share Price maker Difficult Price inelastic Few substitutes Mrs Gordon's notes

Monopoly….

Pure Monopoly assumptions Single seller of good/service No substitutes for the good There are barriers to entry into the market

Intro to Monopolies Monopoly Need to know this Pure monopoly – where only one producer exists in the industry. In reality, rarely exists – always some form of substitute available! Monopoly exists therefore where one firm dominates the market Firms may be investigated for examples of monopoly power when market share exceeds 25% Use term ‘monopoly power’ with care! Mrs Gordon's notes

Can you remember the industry’s on a monopoly board? Trains Water Electricity Taxman Bank Jail Car Parking Which of these industries do you think are MONOPOLIES?

Intro to Monopolies Monopoly power Need to know this Monopoly power – refers to cases where firms influence the market in some way through their behaviour – determined by the degree of concentration in the industry Influencing prices Influencing output Erecting barriers to entry Pricing strategies to prevent or stifle competition May not pursue profit maximisation – encourages unwanted entrants to the market Sometimes seen as a case of market failure Mrs Gordon's notes

Monopoly Vital revision Origins of monopoly: Intro to Monopolies Monopoly Vital revision Origins of monopoly: Natural monopoly – usually on a network or grid… wasteful to duplicate! Geographical factors – where a country or climate is the only source of supply of a raw material…quite rare. However, consider a single grocery store in a isolated village… Government created monopolies – now sold off! Through growth of the firm Through amalgamation, merger or takeover Through acquiring patent or license Through legal means – Royal charter, nationalisation, wholly owned plc Idea – give them a page of images/ scenarios to identify the ‘origins’ of the monopoly. Mrs Gordon's notes

Identify the source of ‘monopoly’ power. Intro to Monopolies Identify the source of ‘monopoly’ power. Thames Water – natural O2 exclusive contract for new palm pre & Apple Iphone on contract / network Apple Ipod – 80% market share Mrs Gordon's notes

Identify the source of ‘monopoly’ power. Natural Geographical Govt created Co growth – EoS mergers etc Patent / licence Other London Underground O2 – iphone BAA Royal Mail Microsoft Bank of England i-phone i-tunes De beers diamonds Motorway service station Thames Water

Identify the source of ‘monopoly’ power. Natural Geographical Govt created Co growth – EoS or mergers etc Patent / licence Other London Underground  O2 – iphone BAA Royal Mail Microsoft Bank of England i-phone i-tunes De beers diamonds Motorway service station Thames Water

A natural monopoly? Why does it make no sense to have a 2nd channel tunnel? Despite being a natural monopoly, what competition does the firm face?

Label one side HIGH The other LOW

Monopoly characteristics Intro to Monopolies Monopoly characteristics Price Efficiency Innovation Collusion Promotion Would you predict these to be HIGH or LOW? Mrs Gordon's notes

Monopoly characteristics Intro to Monopolies Monopoly characteristics Diagrams next lesson Price – could be deemed too high, may be set to destroy competition (destroyer or predatory pricing), price discrimination possible. Efficiency – could be inefficient due to lack of competition (X- inefficiency) or… could be higher due to availability of high profits Innovation - could be high because of the promise of high profits, Possibly encourages high investment in research and development (R&D). Could be low as there is no incentive to reduce costs. Collusion – possible to maintain monopoly power of key firms in industry High levels of branding, advertising and non-price competition Mrs Gordon's notes

Need to include written explanation & business examples Homework Create a mindmap / poster / revision notes to help you remember the key causes of a monopoly. This must include: Natural monopoly Geographical Economies of scale / growth Govt created Company merger/takeovers Patent / licence Need to include written explanation & business examples

BAA break up of monopoly Further reading