The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760 - 1851 Chapter 22 (pp. 628 – 650)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Began in Northwestern Europe Involved fundamental changes in the way goods were produced Involved innovations in: Mining Manufacturing Transportation Communication

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean An abundance of rivers and canals The Geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production European demographic changes Population Increases Improved agricultural productivity “Second Agricultural Revolution” Enclosure Movement

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production Urbanization Ex. London, Manchester, etc. Led to overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, etc.

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production Legal protection of private property The accumulation of capital

The Development of Machines Wind/Water Power > Steam > “Fossil Fuels” New machines (including engines) made it possible to exploit new resources stored in fossil fuels Ex. Coal & Oil Greatly increased energy available to society

The Factory System Concentrated labor in a single location Led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

Steamships

Railroads

Telegraphs

Canals

Working Conditions Women in industry Child Labor

Effects Factory Acts of 1819: Factory Acts of 1833: Children from 9-16 were limited to a 12 hour day. Factory Acts of 1833: Children under 9 were banned from all textile mills. Children under 18 no longer worked at night Provided safety inspections

Effects Mine Acts Children and women were no longer allowed to work in the coal mines

Changes in Society New social classes Middle Class Industrial working class

New Economic and Political Ideas Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations Promoted Laissez Faire style government Governments shouldn’t interfere in business Free-market capitalism “Invisible hand” Financial institutions expanded Ex. Stock markets, Limited Liability Corporations, etc.

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations “By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was not part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.”

New Patterns of Global Trade As new methods of production became common, industrialization spread to: other parts of Europe United States Russia Japan Industrialists sought raw materials and new markets from non-industrialized nations

New Patterns of Global Trade Need for raw materials and food supplies led to the growth of “export economies” Specialized in mass producing single natural resources Ex. Cotton, Rubber, Guano

Egypt Promoted their own state-sponsored vision of industrialization 1800s, Egypt was still an Ottoman territory Muhammad Ali promoted independence and mass production of cotton