World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins A resource book for students

Strand 1: Historical, social and political context English as a first language (L1) - 329,140,800 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a) English as an institutionalised second language (L2) - 430,614,500 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a) English as a foreign language (EFL) English as a lingua franca (ELF) A1

The two diasporas of English First diaspora Migrations to North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa L1 varieties of English = ‘new Englishes’ Second diaspora Colonialisation of Asia and Africa L2 varieties of English = ‘New Englishes’ A1

The legacy of colonialism The devaluing of local language and culture Assumption of the inferiority of the indigenous language and culture vs. the superiority of the colonisers and their language Lack of confidence with L2 users of English, inferiority complex (Medgyes 1994) The loss of ethnic identity Destruction of the ethnic identities of colonised peoples Loss of indigenous languages (heritage languages) as markers of identity Loss of place (ethnic homeland) as markers of identity B1

‘English Only’ in the US Increase in multi-ethnicity: Growing population of ethnolinguistic minorities Reversal of policy for education in immigrants’ L1s ‘Proposition 227’ (1998) Obligatory immersion program ‘Sink or swim’ Alienation from own first language and culture Social isolation Loss of cultural identity C1