Soil Microorganisms and environmental quality (I) Topic 8 Ms Sherina Kamal

Outline Soil microorganisms Xenobiotics Properties of xenobiootics Groups of xenobiotics Source of xenobiotics Fate of xenobiotics Impact of xenobiotics Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds

Soil microorganisms and their function Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Nematodes Arthropods Earthworms

Xenobiotics A combination of two different roots Xeno The Greek, means strange, unnatural or different Biotic …………………………………

Xenobiotics Man made chemicals present in the nature at high concentrations May not be recognized by biochemical processes in plants and microorganisms Resistant to degradation in the environment Rate of degradation very slow Has adverse effects on human and on ecological health Can include many compounds in agricultural activities

Properties of xenobiotic compounds Non recognizable as substrate by microbes to act upon and degrade it It does not contain permease which is needed for transport into microbial cell Large molecular nature makes it difficult to enter microbial cell They are highly stable and insolubility to water adds to this property ………………………………

Groups depending on their chemical composition Halocarbons consist of halogen group in their structure Mainly used in solvents, pesticides, propellants highly volatile and escape into nature leading to destruction of ozone layer of atmosphere The compounds present in insecticides, pesticides, leach into soil where they accumulate and result in biomagnification Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ……………………………………………………………………………………. mainly used in plasticisers, insulator coolants in transformers chemically and biologically inert adding on to its recalcitrant nature

Groups depending on their chemical composition Synthetic polymers mainly used to form plastics like polyester, polyvinyl chloride insoluble in water and of high molecular weight explaining the recalcitrant property Alkylbenzyl Sulphonates consist of a sulphonate group which resists break down by microbes They are mostly found in detergents Oil mixtures oil spills occur covering a huge area the break down by action of microbes becomes non effective They become recalcitrant as they are insoluble in water and some components of certain oils are toxic in higher concentrations

Source of xenobiotic compounds Petrochemical industry Oil/gas industry, refineries Chloride ……………… Plastic industry The use of chemicals in the production process Complex organic compounds Plasticizers Cross-linking agents Anti-oxidants

Source of xenobiotic compounds Pesticide industry Benzene ………………………….. Paint industry Solvents …………………….. Methyl isobutyl ketone …………………………….

Factors effect the xenobiotic biodegradation Substrate specificity Type of aromatic compound Electron acceptors Oxygen, sulphate, nitrate Other nutrients C, N, P or micronutrients ………………………… Substrate availability

Fates of Xenobiotics Fates of xenobiotics ………………………………… Stabilization of parent compounds or some ……………………. of the compound, in soil

Possible environmental fate of a xenobiotic compound

Hazards posed by xenobiotic compounds hazards posed by xenobiotics are ……………… highly toxic in nature and can affect survival of lower as well as higher eukaryotes It also poses health hazards to humans ………………………………… reproductively and even known as a trigger for causing cancer ……………… and remain in the environment for many years leading to ………………… or ……………………… They also find a way into the food chains and the concentrations of such compounds was found to be high even in organisms that do not come in contact with xenobiotics directly

Xenobiotics and Environment Xenobiotics pose threat to the environment They pollute the environment ………………… Synthetic polymers such as plastics and nylon are insoluble in water Oil is also a pollutant many of its compounds are biodegradable degraded at different rates Oil is recalcitrant mainly its insolubility in water …………….. of some of its compounds

Impact of xenobiotic compound to soil and plants

How Do Oil Spills Affect Plants? One of the ways that oil spills affect plants is oil blocks sunlight from reaching the plants and organisms below the water's surface Sunlight and its different rays including ultraviolet rays are important for cells ………………. and …………………. The oil itself is damaging to the plants but it also damages the water and reduces the nutritive value the water gives the plant An oil spill has short-term effects on plant photosynthesis and also long-term effects as the plants struggle to recover only to encounter hidden pockets of oil

How Do Oil Spills Affect Plants? The impact of oil spills on plants lies with its …………………….. In order to produce food and energy, a plant must be able to carry out gas exchange with the environment The coating of oil on the leaves of plants prevents the ……………. or pores from receiving carbon dioxide from the air The result is slow growth and …………………… of plants

Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds

Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds

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