Cell Structure and Transport Review Honors

What are the components of the cell theory? All living things are made up of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit and structure of all living things. What kinds of organisms would the cell theory apply to? All – anything composed of a cell or cells

What are each of these scientists known for? Hooke Leewenhoek Schliden Schwann Virchow Cork living cells cell theory plants cell theory animals cell theory reproduction

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Which has nucleus? Eukaryotes Which is smaller? Prokaryotes Why? Less complex, fewer organelles How are they alike? Both contain Ribosomes DNA Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Examples of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Bacteria – E coli, Salmonella, Cholera Eukaryotes Humans, plants, amoeba, algae, paramecium What kinds of organisms would the cell theory apply to? All – anything composed of a cell or cells

Plant and Animal Cells Similarities Cell membrane ribosomes nucleus ER and Golgi Mitochondria Differences Plant cell Chloroplasts Cell wall Large Vacuole No lysosomes Animal Cell Lysosomes Small vacuole Flagella/cilia

Organelles Proteins What is the command center of the cell? Nucleus In what form is DNA in the nucleus? chromatin The center of the nucleus is the Nucleolus And what is assembled there? ribosomes Ribosomes make Proteins Membrane or no membrane? No membrane Located in two places Rough ER cytoplasm

Organelles What is the function of the smooth ER? Make lipids, detoxify, create transport vesicles What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? Modifies molecules, proteins Transports them out of the cell What is the function of the rough ER? Make membrane proteins, secretory proteins, enzymes, transport vesicles Studded with? ribosomes Connected to nucleus? yes

Organelles How does a protein make it from ribosome to the outside of the cell? Ribosome ER transport vesicle Golgi fuse with cell membrane

Organelles What breaks down and digests things? Function of a vacuole? Chemical and water storage What breaks down and digests things? lysosomes What do they use to do this? Digestive enzymes

Organelles Function of a chloroplast? Contain what pigment? Mitochondria function? Aerobic (cellular) respiration Chemical energy to ATP Contains own DNA? Yes Function of a chloroplast? photosynthesis Contain what pigment? Chlorophyll Contains its own DNA? yes

Organelles Function of cytoskeleton? Made of? Assist in cell division Centrioles function? Assist in cell division Function of cytoskeleton? Shape, movement Made of? protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments) Extensions? Cilia, flagella

Organelles Function of cell wall? Made of? Cell junctions function? Binding of cells, communication Function of cell wall? Shape, support, protection Made of? Cellulose fibers

Life requires Energy Kinetic? Potential? Endergonic Types of chemical reaction? Endergonic Energy required Example Photosynthesis (sunlight required) Exergonic Energy released Cellular respiration (ATP made) Kinetic? Motion thermal (heat), light) Potential? Stored energy Chemical energy The energy in ATP

Life requires Energy In the form of? Where is the energy in ATP? Held in the phosphate bonds ATP -> ADP

Cell Membrane Lets certain things in and certain things out? Semipermeable, selectively permeable Primary component? Phospholipids These create a bilayer, with a heads and tails The heads are Hydrophilic The tails are hydrophobic Fluid Mosaic means? Molecules can drift laterally and there are many parts Proteins in the membrane do what? Attach membrane to cytoskeleton Provide ID tags Form junctions between cells Act as enzymes Movement of materials across the membrane

Passive Transport what direction do molecules move? Hi -> Low With or against concentration gradient? with Energy required? No Molecules diffuse, resulting eventually in? Equilibrium, homeostasis Types? There are 3 Simple Diffusion What happens in simple diffusion? Molecules spread evenly to fill a space Facilitated Diffusion What happens in fd? Transport proteins allow molecules to cross membrane What kinds of molecules? Large, polar, charged Osmosis What happens in osmosis? Diffusion of water across membrane

Osmosis – Animal cells vs. Plant cells In a hypotonic environment, what happens? Cells burst This is called? cytolysis (hypotonic) Some cells can adapt to hypotonic environments with an organelle called a contractile vacuole How does it work? it fills with water and then squeezes it out of the cell. Where might you find a contractile vacuole? Freshwater or seawater organism Plant cells What prevents bursting in hypotonic environment? Cell wall The pressure that water exerts against the cell wall (in a hypotonic solution)? Turgor pressure Plants without water (hypertonic) wilt and die, this is called plasmolysis

Active Transport what direction do molecules move? Low -> high With or against concentration gradient? against Energy required? YES In what form? ATP

Active Transport What 3 types did we discuss? Endocytosis Exocytosis Sodium/Potassium Pump Function? To keep Na high on outside of cell, K high on inside of the cell, this maintains a charge gradient (positive on outside, relatively negative on inside) Endocytosis How does it work? Infolding of membrane forms a vesicle Examples Pinocytosis Which is? Cell drinking Phagoctosis Cell eating? Exocytosis Vesicles fuse with cell membrane to release contents outside of the cell What does it do this for? To get rid of waste and send chemical signals