CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION CHAPTER 2 https://wickedbiology.wordpress.com

Cellular components of animal & plant cells https://wickedbiology.wordpress.com

Cell wall Plant Cells Animals Cells Plasma membrane Vacuole Chloroplast

Nucleolus Ribosomes Vesicles Nucleus Golgi Apparatus Plasma membrane Vacuole Lysosome Nucleolus Mitochondrion Ribosomes Centriole Vesicles Cytoplasm Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Plasma membrane

Cellular components Organelles Non-organelles Vacuoles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Centrioles (animal cell only) Chloroplast (plant cell only) Non-organelles Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall (plant cells only) https://wickedbiology.wordpress.com

Functions

Controls all the cell activities Nucleolus Nucleus Controls all the cell activities Has many pores (nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for materials to enter & exit the nucleus Nucleolus is involved in the synthesis of ribosome & ribonucleic acid (RNA) Separates the genetic material from cytoplasm

Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm Ribosomes Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm Are small ‘protein factories’ for protein synthesize

Synthesizes & transports proteins made by ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesizes & transports proteins made by ribosomes Present in large amounts in cell that makes protein E.g. in gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes

Receives proteins from Rough ER, Golgi Appratus Receives proteins from Rough ER, modifies & combines the proteins with carbohydrates to form glyco-protein Transport & stores lipids

Does not have ribosomes Synthesizes & transport lipids Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Does not have ribosomes Synthesizes & transport lipids Present in large amounts in cells that make lipids & steroids E.g. cell of liver & testes

Forms the cell’s powerhouse Mitochondrion Forms the cell’s powerhouse Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source for the cell

Supports & protects the cell organelles Cytoplasm Supports & protects the cell organelles provides a medium for all cellular metabolic reactions medium to produce energy, to manufacture materials & to store minerals

Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal Lysosome Break down macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides as well as worn-out organelles Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal

Are found only in animals cells Centriole Are found only in animals cells Involved in cell division (mitosis & meiosis)

The outer covering of the cell Plasma membrane The outer covering of the cell separates the cell from its environment and allows materials to enter and leave the cell

Comparing & contrasting the structure of animal and plant cells https://wickedbiology.wordpress.com

Animal cells Plant cell Similarities Differences Both animal and plant cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and mitochondria Differences Not fixed SHAPE Fixed Absent CELL WALL Present CHLOROPLAST If present, are small & scattered throughout the cell VACUOLE Has one or a few large vacuole(s) filled with cell sap LYSOSOME Normally absent CENTRIOLE Carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen granules FOOD STRORAGE Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch grains https://wickedbiology.wordpress.com

The Density of Certain Organelles in Relation to Functions of Specific Cells

What are organelles? “little organs” Are tiny structures inside a cell that perform specific functions for the cell

What are organelles? “3 main functions of organelles: Carry out their specialized functions: E.g. Mitochondria; FUNCTION? Acts as containers to separate parts of the cell from other parts E.g. lysosomes Sites for chemical reaction E.g. Chloroplast

Relationship between the Density & Functions of certain Organelles Density of an organelles : total number of that particular organelles within a cell depends on the function of the cell to make sure that the cell can perform its specialized functions well

Relationship between the Density & Functions of certain Organelles E.g. Cell that specialize in producing enzyme generally have more ER & ribosomes to _____________& mitochondria to _____________________for its activities

The density of mitochondria in active cells Depends on: The activity level of an organism The more active an organism is, the higher its average density of mitochondria The specific function of a particular cell Cell of active tissues & organs have higher mitochondria densities

The density of mitochondria in active cells Active cells that have high mitochondria densities: Sperm cells flight muscle cells meristemic cells liver cells kidney cells

The density of Chloroplast in the Palisade Mesophyll Cells of Leaves Palisade mesophyll of a leaf is : the main photosynthesis tissue Packed with chloroplast to trap sunlight needed to synthesize sugar during photosynthesis Are arranged in a vertical position to optimise sunlight trapping

Density of certain organelles Type of cells Function Density of certain organelles Sperm cells To swim towards either one of the Fallopian tubes to fertilise the ovum Mitochondria – are sites of cellular respiration in which energy in the form of ATP is generated through oxidation of food substances such as glucose Flight muscle cells insects and birds Contraction and relaxation of muscles provide movement & locomotion Mitochondria Cells in the meristem Divided actively to produce new cells for growth Palisade mesophyll cells Carry out photosynthesis Chloroplast – contain chlorophyll which trap light energy for photosynthesis Goblet cells in the respiratory tract Secrete mucus Golgi apparatus Liver cells Detoxification of drugs Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Pancreatic cells, cells of salivary glands, stomach cells, cells of intestine Produce enzyme Rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus