English Reformation Early English Reformers John Wycliffe William Tyndale- humanist- translated the Bible into English in 1526 Became the basis for the King James Version Tyndale was hunted down and executed in 1536 after thousands of English Bibles had made their way to England – only Latin and Greek allowed at the time He also refused to recognize Henry VIII leadership of Anglican Church

Henry VIII Supported Catholicism and the Pope- Defense of Seven Sacraments “Defender of the Faith” But then…. Since the 14th century the English Catholic Church already had a good amount of autonomy- kings had the power to appoint bishops France did not gain this right till 1516 with Concordat of Bologna

Henry and Catherine Henry sought an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she could not conceive a son Only one daughter, Mary, had survived childbirth Having a son necessary in preserving strength of Tudor dynasty Mary was set to marry the dauphin of France- if she inherited the throne England would be subject to French control Henry believed that God was punishing him for marrying his brother’s widow He was also enamored with his mistress at the time, Anne Boleyn

Church of England Henry requests annulment from Pope Clement VII Cites Canon Law- Pope Julius II should not have allowed Henry to marry Catherine in the first place Clement resisted --- H.R.E Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, dominated in Italy at the time Cardinal Wolsey, English Archbishop and Lord Chancellor, failed to get papal approval Henry dismissed Wolsey and replaced by More Pope Clement VII was unable to grant a papal dispensation after 1527- Charles V just sacked Rome and the annulment would essentially make his aunt an adulteress Wolsey was told that the pope was willing to have a hearing in Rome, but there was no way that would go in Henry’s benefit

Church of England Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, convinced Henry that he could divorce Catherine if he broke away from Rome Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England or Anglican Church In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy The king is head of the church rather than the pope In 1539- passed the Six Articles – defining the doctrine of the Church of England Henry and Anne secretly married in 1533, she was already 6 months pregnant with Elizabeth While England rejected papal supremacy, the English Church under Henry VIII remained fundamentally Catholic in its doctrine and practice

Once Rome is out of the picture … Catholic lands are confiscated Doubled royal revenues Monasteries were closed down Act of Succession (1534)- all the king’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as the head of the Anglican Church Thomas More refuses and is beheaded "I die the King's good servant, but God's first.“ Pilgrimage of Grace in Northern England suppressed Pilgrimage of Grace- 1536 multi-class revolt in a more conservative norther England

Henry’s Wives Catherine of Aragon- mother of Mary Anne Boleyn- Executed- mother of Elizabeth Jane Seymour – married Henry within 24 hrs after Anne’s execution – gave birth to Edward – died 2 weeks later- only wife to be buried with Henry Anne of Cleves – henry never attracted to her, thought a strategic marriage- French, but proved not worth it- divorced Kathryn Howard- married her 16 days after divorcing Anne – he was 49 and she was no older than 19 – executed because of adultery- Katherine Parr- mother was in Catherine of Aragon’s court and named Katherine after her- last wife named for the first Henry Dies

King Edward VI Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour Became King at the age of 10 Those who governed on his behalf were strong Protestants Increasing influence of Calvinist ideas Premature death in 1553 led to a religious struggle among Protestants and Catholics

Queen Mary (r. 1553-1558) Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon Married her cousin, Philip II, heir to the Spanish throne- ardent Roman Catholic She attempted to restore Roman Catholicism in England She persecuted England’s Protestants Around 300 people burned at the stake – “Bloody Mary” Some Protestants fled England

Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn – last of Tudors to rule England Sought a religious settlement that would satisfy the majority of her subjects 1559- Parliament passed new Act of Supremacy- repealed the pro-Catholic laws of Mary’s reign and once again established the monarch as head of Anglican Church She effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England Practical politician who carefully navigated middle ground between Anglicanism and Protestantism “Virgin Queen” Catholics saw her as an illegitimate child and this rejected her legitimacy to the throne She held strong Protestant views

Elizabethan settlement Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England, but people could worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately Anglican Church largely resembled Lutheranism Some church practices resembled Catholic practices Catholicism could not be practiced openly Services given in English Clergy allowed to marry Everyone required to attend church service for Anglican Church or fined 1562- Thirty- Nine Articles: defined the creed of the Anglican Church Followed Protestant doctrine, but vague

Opposition to Elizabeth Puritans wanted to purify the church of all remaining Catholic elements Separatists wanted to leave the Anglican Church completely --- Pilgrims Catholics rejected the compromise and in 1569, Duke of Norfolk leads unsuccessful revolt --- is executed This and other plots led to action against Catholics

Mary Queen of Scots Elizabeth faced challenge from Catholic Mary Stuart (great- granddaughter of King Henry VII of England- claimed to succeed Elizabeth on the English throne For almost 20 years involved in a series of Catholic plots against Elizabeth In 1586, supported a plot to assassinate the queen and she was beheaded the following year

King Philip II Of Spain- also opposed Elizabeth Had been married to Mary (Elizabeth’s sister) English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 both eliminated this threat and gave boost to English patriotism