Electronic Education Kits Introduction to Electronics and Breadboarding Circuits This project is sponsored by INSGC. 1. Add photos of the circuits 2. Show more clearly how energy flows through breadboard 3. Explain connectivity and wires 4. Show the wiring of the breadboards 5. Parts, and wires need to share the same row 6. Explain the LED before wiring, do an LED to battery. Maybe, burn it out to show the problem of no resistor. 7. Explanation of polarity in regards to troubleshooting and debugging. 8. Show in diagrams the part in holes more clearly.

What we're going to learn today: What is an electronic circuit? What kind of power is needed for these projects? What are the fundamental principles of electronics? What are the basic electronic components used in DC analog circuits? How do these principles combine to make interesting things?   We're going to make some of those things.

About parts Symmetric vs Asymmetric Polarized Physics and chemistry in a tiny package Explain Data Sheets

What is electricity? What kinds are there? What can it do? What are the dangers?

Battery as a power source A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Some batteries are rechargeable and can do the reverse as well.

Batteries as a power source

Power source Can you name other power sources?

What is a circuit? Combination of electronic parts, wires connected between power sources. It's like a physical program. It's also like setting up dominoes in sequence. A circuit is a closed-loop. Show example of LED circuit with only wires.

What is a breadboard? What are they good for? Creatings, organizing, and prototyping a circuit. Literally started out as a bread board with nails. Find a interactive example. Also, show an old fashioned breadboard example.

Electronic Parts Polarized vs non-polarized Physics and chemistry in a tiny package Data sheets On-line tutorials from sparkfun at https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/tags/c oncepts

What are LEDs? Light Emitting Diodes Diode Symbol + Arrows for light Points to ground Explain Anode, and Cathode.

Hello World for a Circuit Light and LED Parts: Battery Resistor LED Why: Power Source An LED will light up when enough voltage is supplied but can also burn out if too much is allowed to pass through. The resistor will limit the voltage to prevent damage. Do: Connect Battery, Resistor, LED

LED Circuit 1 LED Plus resistor Why have a resistor? Current, limiting.

Series circuit example

Parallel Circuit example

Parallel and Series Circuit Example Find a good explanation or modify the circuit to be more visual.

Fundamental Parts Resistor Capacitor Wire Diodes Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Battery Transistors Motors They each have a physical property that interacts with electricity. When put in combination various actions occur.

What are resistors? Resistors provide a specific amount of resistance to a path in a circuit or wire. Ohm's law is used to calculate the properties related to resistance. Ohm's Law: I = V/R I = Current measured in Amps V = Voltage measured in Volts R = Resistance measured in Ohms Resistors are color coded.

Resistor Color Code Resistor Color Code Wheel Calculator

Find out the resistor value: Assuming that from the datasheet, the max current of the LED is 25mA, and the forward voltage is 2.0V. For max current 25mA, R = (9-2)/25mA = 280 ohm Let’s pick R=330 ohm, I = (9-2)/330 = 21.1mA

Variable Resistor - Potentiometer The variable resistor is simply a control and this is required in many electric circuits. The variable resistor can be used as a light dimmer, volume control, and in many other circuits when you are wanting to change resistance easily and quickly.

Variable resistor: The potentiometer Voltage dividers Try out the different pots.

RGB LED Try resistors out in various combination to make different colors. Experiment by adding potentiometers to the leads.

LED and Photoresistor Photoresistors change their resistance by the amount of light detected.

GL55 Photoresistor The more light it shines on, the smaller resistor value it is.

Capacitor Capacitors move alternating current (AC) signals while prohibiting direct current (DC) signals to pass. They store electricity and can function as filters to smooth out signals that pulsate. Capacitors that are small are traditionally used in high- frequency applications such as radios, transmitters, or oscillators. Larger capacitors ordinarily reserve electricity or act as filters. The capacitance (capacity for storing electricity) of a capacitor is expressed in a unit known as farad.

What are capacitors? Capacitor is two separated charges. Known charge up time. Know discharge time. Two major kinds Electrolytic, asymmetric, bipolar  Ceramic, symmetric

Capacitors in series

Capacitors in Parallel They can provide energy, however briefly. They can smooth out a signal. Attach the battery briefly to fill the capacitor.

Make a voltage regulator

Diode Are like one-way streets. They allow the current to ow in only one direction. Your kit contains one silicon diode (marked Si) as well as two germanium diodes (marked Ge). LED is a special diode.

Transistor The part that makes each transistor work is a tiny chip, which is made of either germanium or silicon. There are a total of three connections points on each transistor. They are B, which stands for base, C, which stands for collector, and E, which stands for emitter. Mainly transistors are used to amplify weak signals. Transistors can also be used as switches to connect or disconnect other components as well as oscillators to permit signals to flow in pulses.

Transistors NPN Transistor 

Push Button The push button is a simple switch you press it and electricity is allowed to flow through the circuit. When you release it, the circuit is not complete because a break is caused in the circuits path. The push button will be used in most circuits often times in signaling circuits (you can send Morse code this way as well as other things).

Switch You know what a switch is you use switches every day. When you slide (or flip) to the proper position, the circuit will be completed, allowing current to ow through. In the other position a break is made, causing the circuit to be off. The switch that we will be using is a double-pole, double throw switch.

IC (Integrated Circuit) The transistor was invented in the 1940s and after that the next big break through in electronics was in the 1960s with the invention integrated circuit or the ICs. The advantage of this that the equivalent of hundreds or even thousands of transistors, diodes and even resistors can be placed into one small package.

555 Circuit

555 Timer Digital Electronics TM 1.2 Introduction to Analog What is a 555 Timer? The 555 timer is an 8-pin IC that is capable of producing accurate time delays and/or oscillators. In the time delay mode, the delay is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. In the oscillator mode, the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle are both controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. 555 can be used to create many interesting projects. Presents a brief overview of the 555 timer. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

What is the IC 555? DIP chip (Dual-Inline package) The IC 555 is an 8-pin Integrated Circuit (IC) that is capable of producing accurate time delays and/or oscillations. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

IC 555 – Why 555? - + 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 5 kΩ Vcc (8) Discharge (7) RESET SET Q Comparator 1 Comparator 2 Flip-Flop 5 kΩ T1 Control Voltage (5) Threshold Voltage (6) 5 kΩ Output (3) Trigger Voltage (2) 5 kΩ Ground (1) Reset (4) IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014 40

IC 555 timer Time Delay Mode Oscillator Mode In the time delay mode, the delay is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. Example: Turn a light on in a delayed amount of time. (Just turn on or off once) In the oscillator mode, the frequency of oscillation are controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. Example: Can make a light flash a specific rate. (Can turn on and off repeatedly) This presentation will discuss how to use a 555 timer in the oscillator mode. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

IC 555 timer Oscillator mode = astable multivibrator mode Translation: in this mode the IC 555 will continue to put out pulses until you remove the battery. (your choice of resistors and capacitors determines the vibration frequency) The 555 timer is a two state device: HI and LO You can be a two state device too…… IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

IC 555 timer Astable multivibrator mode schematic Notice: 2 resistors and 1 capacitor OUTPUT is square wave pulses LESSON 15 “How the 555 Timer Works” IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

The Output Is HIGH While The Capacitor Is Charging Through RA + RB. Output = High tHIGH : Calculations for the Oscillator’s HIGH Time The Output Is HIGH While The Capacitor Is Charging Through RA + RB. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

Output = Low tLOW : Calculations for the Oscillator’s LOW Time Vc 555 Timer Digital Electronics TM 1.2 Introduction to Analog Output = Low tLOW : Calculations for the Oscillator’s LOW Time The Output Is LOW While The Capacitor Is Discharging Through RB. 5v 3.333 v Vc 1.666 v 0 v  tLOW  Output HIGH LOW Derivation of the equation for t-LOW. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

IC 555 timer Visit this link to view a simulation of the IC 555 in astable mode http://www.williamson-labs.com/pu-aa-555-timer_slow.htm How does the charge and discharge of the capacitor relate to the blinking LED? IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

Period Calculate the period of the flashing light. The Period is the total time of an on/off cycle and depends on the values of RA, RB, and C Calculate the period of the flashing light. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

Frequency The frequency of an oscillation (or anything that exhibits a repeating pattern) is inversely proportional to the period Unit of Measure: cycles/second = Hertz (Hz) Calculate the frequency (or blinking rate) of the flashing light. IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

Calculate the period and frequency of the blinking LED. Practice Calculate the period and frequency of the blinking LED. μ = 10-6 IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

Solution Period Frequency IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014

555 Oscillator Calculator http://www.ohmslawcalculator.com/555- astable-calculator For RA=100K, RB = 22K, C = 47uF tH=3.974 seconds, tL= 0.716 seconds, T=4.69 s

Project 05 - Schematic

Key Points The 555 timer works with 2 resistors (one of which is temperature dependent) and 1 capacitor to establish an oscillation in the circuit. The 555 timer output has two modes: ON and OFF and it turns whatever device it is connected to ON and OFF at a rate that depends on the changing resistance of the thermistor (which depends on temperature)!!! IC 555 Monday July 14, 2014