WARM UP: What do you know about Ancient Greece?

Balkan Peninsula

The Rise of Greek City-States

Geography of Greece Part of Balkan peninsula Rugged coastline Hundreds of rocky islands Mountainous- Divided people into isolated valleys Many small city-states

Effects of the Sea Both the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas linked Greece to the outside world Many safe harbors Skilled sailors Trade possibilities

City-states- The Polis The mountainous terrain created small separate city-states Acropolis-High City Examples: Sparta Athens

Early Governments of the City-States Monarchy king has central power Aristocracy rule by a few landholders Oligarchy rule by small business class

City-State: Sparta Government: Monarchy Militaristic city-state of ancient Greece Turned conquered people into helots, Slaves. Sickly children were abandoned to die

Citizens of Sparta Native born males over the age of 30 were the only ones considered to be citizens

Life as a Spartan Girls Boys Rigorous upbringing Only job was to have healthy children and maintain the house Could inherit property Boys Military training for boys began at age 7 to age 30 Rigid discipline Hard exercise

Spartan Military tactics Iron weapons replaces bronze weapons Creation of the Phalanx massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers Sense of unity among citizen-soldiers

City-State: Athens Government: a Limited Democracy government ruled by the people                                                                                                

Citizens of Athens Only male citizens could participate in government Many Athenians were slaves

Women of Athens No share in public life Women must be guided by men Women were protected from the outside world

SPARTA Limited Democracy Laws passed by assembly ATHENS Limited Democracy Laws passed by assembly Only Male Citizens in the Assembly Trade with other City-States Education for the boys Women were inferior Common language Shared Heroes Olympic Games Same gods and Religious Beliefs SPARTA Monarchy with two kings Military Society Trade and Travel Not allowed Military Training for all Boys Girls trained to be mothers of soldiers Women obeyed Men Women could own property

The Golden Age of Greece

Athens in the Age of Pericles 460 – 429 BC – A Golden Age Direct democracy – large number of males citizens took part in government The Funeral Oration – Pericles praised Athenian government

Funeral Oration of Pericles “We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless but as a useless character.”

The Glory That Was Greece

“Lovers of Wisdom” Thinkers who use observation and reason to reach conclusions

Greek philosophers explored: Mathematics Physics Music Logic Ethics (moral behavior)

Sophists of Athens Used “rhetoric” to make their points The art of skillful speaking

Socrates Always questioning Socratic method Accused of failing to respect the gods and corrupting youth Sentenced to death by poison

Set up The Academy Importance of reason The Republic – an ideal state The state should regulate everything Three Classes Workers Soldiers philosophers

Aristotle Student of Plato Favored rule by a single ruler Told people to follow a moderate course Lyceum – school to study all branches of knowledge Aristotle

Greek Architecture Tried to convey a sense of perfect balance

Greek Sculpture Work was realistic, but idealistic

Poetry Epics of Homer Sappho - love and beauty of island Pindar celebrated athletes’ victories Poetry

Based on popular myths and legends Greek Drama Honored Dionysus – god of fertility and wine Performed outdoors in amphitheater Actors wore masks Choruses chanted Based on popular myths and legends

Tragedies Aeschylus – tales of the Trojan War Stories of human suffering Tragedies Aeschylus – tales of the Trojan War Sophocles – Antigone – duty to gods greater than human Euripides – people were cause of human suffering

Humorous plays that mocked Comedies Humorous plays that mocked People or customs Lysistrata by Aristophanes Women of Athens force husbands to stop war against Sparta

History Herodotus – “Father of History” Traveler History of Persian Wars Thucydides Wrote history of Peloponnesian War

THE END OF AN AGE Peloponnesian War Fought between Sparta and Athens. Sparta was jealous of Athens rise to fame and power as a result of the PERSIAN War. SPARTA DEFEATS ATHENS! Both City-States struggle to regain glory after the war.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT Conquests Puts down a rebellion at THEBES (Greece) PERSIA- 2000 miles (from Egypt to Indus) Crossed Granicus River Southward into EGYPT Captured Babylon (331 B.C.) Went as far east as Indus River (INDIA) His soldiers stopped fighting

Blending of Cultures Spread of Greek culture Founded over 70 cities – Alexandria Encouraged his soldiers to intermarry Hellenism – blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian cultures

Hellenistic Civilization Blending of Cultures

Aristarchus, c. 300 BC Sin 3 degrees = 20, soooo The SUN is 20x further away from the earth than the MOON, must be MUCH heavier SOOOOO, Heliocentric theory

Hellenistic mathematician, geographer and astronomer. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) Hellenistic mathematician, geographer and astronomer.

Archimedes – principles of physics Lever and pulley – “Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand, and I will move the world.” Displacement of water to find volume

Pythagoras

Euclid – modern geometry

XIV. Greek Medicine Hippocrates = Father of Scientific Medicine Four “humors” (fluids) in the human body: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile Physician should base his knowledge on careful observation of patients and their response to remedies