BELLWORK: September 27th How did land, naval and air forces coordinate their actions in the Pacific? THINKER: In your opinion, which Pacific battle was the most important in the defeat of Japan? Why? Explain!

Operations in the Pacific War Japan’s Refusal to Surrender

War in the Pacific: Important Battles By early-1942, it became difficult for Japanese to maintain control of vast empire  switch to defensive! Low on resources and weapons U.S. codebreakers discovered several planned attacks Once a 2nd front in Europe is opened (1942), American forces concentrated on island hopping: a military strategy of attacking specific enemy-held islands. Battle of the Coral Sea: (5/4/1942) mutual bombing of navies Battle of Midway: (6/4/1942) U.S. wins its first Pacific battle by fighting entirely from the air and destroying the Japanese navy.

US Aircraft Carrier, Lexington, under attack at the Battle of the Coral Sea

Battle of Midway = Turning Point in Pacific! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-au50GxIXw

Allied Offensives: 1943-1945 Battle of Guadalcanal: (2/9/1943) First Japanese-held territory conquered by the U.S. (paved way for 2-pronged offensive) 1944: Maximize navy, improve radar, increase defense Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines): (10/23/1944)Greatest naval battle in history; vital to stop oil production. Battle of Iwo Jima: (2/1945): vital to provide support for bombing campaign of mainland; clear victory Battle of Okinawa: (4/11/1945) Last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. (played huge role in future tactical decisions…..why?)

U.S. Marines in Guadalcanal; 1942

Torpedoed Japanese destroyer; Battle of Leyte Gulf

General MacArthur at Leyte Gulf

Chinese ground forces By this point, they forced Japan out of strongholds and advanced into Burma

American ship, Bunker Hill, after being attacked by Kamikazes – Battle of Okinawa

DISCUSSION THINKER: In your opinion, which Pacific battle was the most important in the defeat of Japan? Why? Explain!

Allied Bombing Campaign By Spring 1945, Japanese home islands were in range of US B-29 bombers. US Air Force decided to attack at low level with incendiary bombs. Civilian deaths = 300,000 and ½ of country’s urban centers were burned to the ground Japanese government still refused to surrender.

HOMEWORK: Due tomorrow! Read about the Manhattan Project! Finish the “Manhattan Project” portion of the worksheet Be prepared to develop and defend your personal opinion on the atomic bomb!

Bellwork 9/28: Analyze the primary sources to list the pros/cons of the atomic bomb. PRO BOMB! ANTI BOMB!

Upcoming dates in IB History…. Monday 10/1: End of WWII in Pacific (U6 Term Cards!) Tuesday 10/2: ½ day = current event! Wednesday 10/3: Effects of WWII in Pacific All late/missing work is due for Q1 grades! Thursday 10/4 & Friday 10/5: Crimes against civilians (video/wkst) & term card work Monday 10/15 & Wednesday 10/17: War Crime Trials Thursday 10/18: WWII Exam (term cards due!)

The Manhattan Project A 1941 top secret plan to develop the first atomic bomb. Combination of scientists and physicists Albert Einstein Robert Oppenheimer Presidential approval FDR Truman How it works…. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Ks-Bs0MPM

Atomic bomb test: Los Alamos, New Mexico – July 1945

Truman’s decision Truman warned Japanese that if they didn’t surrender, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air” Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 The second was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Civilian Warning Pre-Hiroshima TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE: America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet. We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan. You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

Civilian Warning Pre-Nagasaki ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES. Because your military leaders have rejected the surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days. The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you. Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed. Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan. Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wxWNAM8Cso

Aftermath Ground Temperature 7000F Force Winds 980mph Energy Released 20,000 tons of TNT Buildings Destroyed 62,000 Killed Immediately 80,000 people Dead by end of 1945 140,000 people Total Deaths 220,000 people

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

What do YOU think? Was dropping the atomic bomb the right thing to do? PRO BOMB! ANTI BOMB! ________________________________________________________

HOMEWORK: due Monday! Read and annotate the “Effects of WWII in the Pacific” Pages 222-225

BELLWORK: 10/1 Why was there a decolonization movement post-WWII? Summarize the terms and goals of U.S. occupation of Japan. THINKER: In your opinion, what is the biggest issue the Allies have to deal with post-WWII?

Japan surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945 "Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." Emperor Hirohito

Effects of WWII in Asia Japan was eliminated as a major power Allied occupation of Japan (1945-1951) MacArthur appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP) Removal of Japanese troops in China In 1949, China falls to communism under Mao Zedong Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided), Pacific Islands USSR gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands The Emperor would help maintain political stability and facilitate reform Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new constitution

Treaty of San Francisco: 9/8/1951 Officially ended Japan’s imperial empire Japan accepted judgement of International Military Tribunal Ended American occupation of Japan (improved relations) Compensate Allies, civilians and POW’s Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941–45 Country Amount in US $ Date of treaty Burma 200,000,000 November 5, 1955 Philippines 550,000,000 May 9, 1956 Indonesia 223,080,000 January 20, 1958 Vietnam 38,000,000 May 13, 1959 Total $1,012,080,000

In accordance with Clause 14 of the Treaty, Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government, firms, organization and private citizens, in all colonized or occupied countries Japanese overseas assets in 1945 Country/region Value (US Dollars) Korea 468,370,000 Taiwan 2,846,100,000 North East China 9,768,800,000 North China 3,695,800,000 Central South China 2,447,900,000 Others 1,867,600,000 Total $25,300,000,000

Yalta Conference February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta (Soviet Union) to discuss the postwar world Formed the United Nations Divided Germany and Berlin into four zones Stalin obtained Poland if he promised to allow free elections Stalin gained Pacific islands if he promised to declare war on Japan

KEEP IN MIND: Stalin is gong to break these promises …….. COLD WAR!!!!

New United Nations structure!

How were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII How were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII? Consider political parties and colonies!

Review: Superpowers post-WWII Why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R emerge as superpowers post-WWII? Military Reasons US #1 air power & USSR #1 ground forces; FR/UK could not defeat Germany, USSR lacking strong neighbors  regional power! Economic Reasons Both economies strengthened by war, US committed to open trade, E.Euro needs a larger/dependable power Political Reasons Both see democracy/communism triumphing over fascism, USSR resisted Germany, Stalin’s influence in Europe, USSR/US strength prevented instability in their spheres of influence Areas of tension Post-war control of Poland, Germany, E.Europe and Japan; China, formation of the UN, reparations, atomic bomb, elections