The Skeletal System

I) Bones: An Overview A. Parts of Skeletal System STUDY QUESTIONS List the parts of the Skeletal System and **Define the Axial and Appendicular Subdivisions. A. Parts of Skeletal System Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments B. Subdivisions Define *Axial *Appendicular

C. Functions of Bones Explain *Support: *Protect: *Muscles: *Store: *Blood cell: STUDY QUESTION **List and explain the Bone functions.

D. Classification of Bones 206 1. Structural Types Compact bone Spongy bone STUDY QUESTION What are the two structural types of Bone and how are they different? Figure 5.2b

2. *Types by Shape ** List and Explain the Shape Types of Bones. Figure 5.1

D. Structure of a Long Bone *Diaphysis- explain *Epiphysis- explain Periosteum OBJECTIVES Identify and explain the anatomical areas of a long bone.

*Articular cartilage: explain Anatomy of a Long Bone … *Arteries *Articular cartilage: explain Epiphyseal plate = Epiphyseal line =

*Medullary cavity: define *Location: *Types Marrow Anatomy of a Long Bone … *Medullary cavity: define *Location: *Types Marrow In Adults & Infants

E. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling 1. Growth & Formation: Dense connective plates i) Type of bone: ii) Bones begins to be: iii) Eventually the bone replaces all membrane iv) In adult: The bone has Sutures: b. Cartilage Models: i) Type of bones: ii) Cartilage Model in fetus iii) Bone replaces cartilage until: iii) Only Epiphyseal Plates are left: iv) Then bone replaces plates = Epiphyseal Line:

Bone Growth (Ossification) 2. Bone remodeling: a. Cells: describe *Osteocytes *Osteoclasts *Osteoblasts Microscopic Pits

i) Keep bone in good shape 2. Bone remodeling … b. Functions: i) Keep bone in good shape ii) Blood calcium level Homeostasis: iii) Response to Gravity & muscle activity: OBJECTIVES Summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life. New Bone

F. Bone Fractures Fracture (Table 5.1)= a) Basic Types explain *Closed OBJECTIVES Name and describe the three types of fractures discussed in class. Fracture (Table 5.1)= a) Basic Types explain *Closed *Open b) Specific Types explain *Comminuted *Spiral Types 2. Treatment Reduction Immobilization

Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

G. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture STUDY QUESTION Describe the stages of healing a bone fracture. Hematoma Hematoma formation 1. *Hematoma: define Figure 5.5, step 1

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation 2. Fibrocartilage callus Figure 5.5, step 2

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation 3. *Bony Callus explain Figure 5.5, step 3

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Healed fracture New blood vessels Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling 4. Remodeling of Bony Callus: Figure 5.5, step 4

H. Bone Markings and Functions Table 5.1 Projections *Functions: *Spine *Line *Process Depressions and Openings *Functions *Meatus *Sinus *Foramen 3. Articulate

II) The Axial Skeleton =

Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11

A. The Skull Major Areas: Define & Functions *Cranium F P *Facial bones 1. CRANIUM Sutures Frontal Sagittal *BONES: location & Articulations a) *Parietal Bone b) *Frontal c) *Temporal Carotid Canal Jugular Foramen F P T O Carotid Canal Jugular Foramen T O

2. FACIAL BONES: Location & Importance a) *Maxilla Hard Palate SKULL … Cranium … d) *Occipital Occipital Condyles Foramen Magnum 2. FACIAL BONES: Location & Importance a) *Maxilla Hard Palate b) *Mandible c) *Nasal d) *Zygomatic Only freely movable joint = Temporalmandibular Joint H.P. O.C. F.M. O N Z Max Man

Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7

Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

3) *Paranasal Sinuses: explain *Functions B. The Hyoid Bone

C. The Fetal Skull Fontanels

D. The Vertebral Column 1. *Parts location & number of below *Cervical *Thoracic *Lumbar *Sacrum *Coccyx 2. Intervertebral Discs Type of Tissue Shape Location Function

3. Curvatures a. Primary: Have At birth b. Secondary: Develop when The Vertebral Column … 3. Curvatures a. Primary: Have At birth b. Secondary: Develop when

4. Disorders ** STUDENTS DO FOLLOWING ** *Scoliosis *Herniated Disc

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