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CCOT ESSAY Bellwork What, if anything, did you feel like you did well on your essay? Answers Vary What, if anything, do you feel like you need more help with on CCOT essay?

Interactive Notebook Setup 4/3/2017 European New Imperialism This will be one page

Background Methods of Conquest Motivations/Causes Types of Colonialism

Background Imperialism means extending the rule of an empire over foreign territories and acquiring colonies Took place between: 1812 and 1914 Territories officially incorporated into European colonial empires were mostly in India, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the islands of the Pacific Some countries maintained their formal independence from Europe China, the Ottoman Empire, Japan

Background One European country after another began to claim parts of Africa Able to take African territories easily because they had superior weapons and a lot of money In 1885 several European nations met at Berlin Conference to decide how to divide up Africa No African leaders invited Peaceful negotiations made between the European powers that officially decided “who got what” By 1914 Europeans controlled 90% of Africa European powers often had to use extensive and bloody military action to maintain control within their acquired African territories The Berlin Conference

A Second Wave of European Conquests First Wave of European Colonialism Second Wave of European Colonialism 1500s - 1600s 1750 – 1900 In the Western Hemisphere (Americas) In Africa and Asia Spain and Portugal = were major players; NOT ANYMORE DUN DUN DUN New countries involved = Germany, Italy, Belgium, the U.S., Japan Devastated native populations No massive devastation done to native peoples Europeans chose the path of conquest and outright colonial rule Europeans preferred informal control (cheaper & less likely to cause war) Construction of 2nd-wave European empires in Africa and Asia involved military force or the threat of using it Although they would have preferred non-violent takeovers, Europeans often had to fight in wars of conquest to create their empires Always won in the end  superior militaries and weapons

Colonial Asia in the Early 20th Century

Colonial Africa in the Early 20th Century

Economic Causes Main catalyst of New Imperialism was the Industrial Revolution Economic changes/advancements created more need for raw materials, agricultural products, etc. Needed to look abroad to find these Needed markets for selling their finished products to More products sold = more money Kept factories running and workers employed

Political Causes Another factor driving European imperialism rising nationalism Intensified rivalries between European states Colonies and spheres of influence became symbols of national “Great Power” status Result was nations tried to acquire as many territories as quickly as possible  even if they had no real economic value

Social and Religious Causes In the past = Europeans believed in their “religious superiority” over others With industrialization, Europe developed a more secularized view of their own superiority They had started the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, amassed great wealth, and built up a supreme military New “racial superiority” developed which was based on modern “science”

Social and Religious Causes Scientists and physicians measured and classified the size and shape of human skulls Conclusion = skulls of white people found to be larger, therefore more advanced Biologists applied notions of “rank” to human beings Hierarchy of races created Whites on top and less developed races beneath them New theory that race determined human intelligence, moral development, and destiny Conclusions=European expansion was natural and inevitable “The Progressive Development of Man”

Social and Religious Causes Social Darwinism suggested a natural weeding out of “weaker” peoples of the world would allow the “stronger” to flourish Belief in European dominance involved the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or “unfit” races

Social and Religious Causes Europeans felt a sense of responsibility to the “weaker races” Author Rudyard Kipling referred to this idea as the “white man’s burden” Belief in a “civilizing mission” = meant bringing: Christianity to the heathen Good government to the disordered lands Work discipline and production for the market to “lazy natives” Education to the uneducated and illiterate Clothing to the naked Health care to the sick

The Gatling Gun = One of the earliest machine guns Methods of Conquest Many advancements produced during the industrial era aided Europeans in their imperial quests: Steam-powered ships=quicker travel and ability to travel further inland Underwater telegraph = made possible instant communication with far-away outposts of the empire Discovery of quinine = prevented malaria Breech-loading rifles and machine guns=MASSIVE military advantage Quinine = found naturally in the bark of cinchona trees; used as the first effective treatment for malaria Used until the 1940s The Gatling Gun = One of the earliest machine guns

Methods of Conquest Bankers and wealthy landowners bought land to operate plantations in Asia and Africa More land purchased meant weakened local landowners and W. European and US companies would also take control mines and plantations via massive investment in capital African and Asian local mines and plantations grew more and more dependent on foreign companies investment Local landlords and governments lost land and power when they couldn’t pay back loans

Direct Rule DEFINITION: When local rulers are removed completely and total control and authority is given to Western Officials Often also lead to efforts to convert to Christianity and replace local culture EXAMPLE: French Indochina

Indirect Rule DEFINITION: When local rulers are allowed to keep their authority and position in new colonial governments while allowing colonial power easy access to region’s resources Often developed from presence of European Joint Stock companies Local intermediaries could retain their status and gain wealth by exercising authority at the local level EXAMPLE: British control of India

Sphere of Influence DEFINITION: Nations gain exclusive trading rights in territory, dominate all trade, but allow the local government to make other decisions Often occurred as a result of military conflict and making of treaties EXAMPLE: Britain & the U.S. in China Dutch in Indonesia

Settler Colonialism DEFINITION: Colonizing with the express purposes of territorial occupation and the formation of a new community rather than the extraction of labor or resources Often go along with direct rule Settler colonies create society of racial segregation EXAMPLE: French in Algeria British in S. Africa, Australia, & New Zealand