The Binomial Theorem Extension 1 content
Remember this? Pascal’s Triangle
Some things which may be useful… The sum of the coefficients in any line of Pascal’s Triangle add to 2n.
Jones and Couchman
Using Pascal’s Triangle The expanded form of (1+x)n (where n=1,2,3…) is a polynomial in x with (n+1) terms. The highest power of x is xn. The coefficients are shown by the appropriate line in Pascal’s Triangle.
Generalising Binomial Expansions In the expression (1+x)3 any complex expression can be substituted for x. Hence if (1+x)3 = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3 then (1+a4)3 = 1 + 3(a4) + 3(a4)2 + (a4)3 = 1 + 3a4 + 3a8 + a12 Similarly (1- 2𝑥 3 )3 = 1 + 3( −2𝑥 3 ) + 3( −2𝑥 3 )2 + ( −2𝑥 3 )3 = 1 - 2x + 4𝑥 2 3 - 8𝑥 3 27
Jones and Couchman
The expansion of (a+x)n The expanded form of (a+x)n has the same coefficients as (1+x)n. There are (n+1) terms. For any term, the sum of the powers of a and x is n. e.g. Write out the expansion of (𝑥+ 1 𝑥 ) 5 (𝑥+ 1 𝑥 ) 5 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 ( 1 𝑥 )+ 10𝑥 3 ( 1 𝑥 ) 2 + 10𝑥 2 ( 1 𝑥 ) 3 + 5𝑥( 1 𝑥 ) 4 +( 1 𝑥 ) 5 e.g. Write out the expansion of (2𝑥 −3𝑦) 4 (2𝑥 −3𝑦) 4 = (2𝑥) 4 + 4( 2𝑥) 3 (−3𝑦)+6( 2𝑥) 2 ( −3𝑦) 2 +4(2𝑥)( −3𝑦) 3 + (−3𝑦) 4 = 16𝑥 4 −96 𝑥 3 𝑦+216 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −216𝑥 𝑦 3 +81 𝑦 4
Jones and Couchman
The General Binomial Theorem It can be tedious to write out Pascal’s Triangle beyond the first few lines. We need a general formula for binomial expressions. ( 1+𝑥) 𝑛 = 𝑛 0 + 𝑛 1 𝑥+ 𝑛 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 3 𝑥 3 +…+ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 In a similar way: ( 𝑎+𝑥) 𝑛 = 𝑛 0 𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑛 1 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑥+ 𝑛 2 𝑎 𝑛−2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 3 𝑎 𝑛−3 𝑥 3 +…+ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎 0 𝑥 𝑛 We can also write this using sigma notation:
Examples:
Groves
Examples:
Groves
Greatest Coefficient The greatest coefficient can be found without expanding the binomial product:
Examples:
Groves
Proof of Pascal’s Triangle Relations This will be useful in the next proof.
To Prove:
Fitzpatrick