Chapter 16 Prokaryotes and Viruses Bio-Jeopardy Chapter 16 Prokaryotes and Viruses

Diverse Prokaryotes Functions of Prok. Disease Viruses 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40

Diverse Prokaryotes for 10 Name the two Domains of prokaryotes. Bacteria Archaea

Diverse Prokaryotes for 20 What are the three physical characteristics used to classify bacteria? Cell shape Cell wall structure Motility

Diverse Prokaryotes for 30 Since binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction, explain the 3 ways that bacteria can increase genetic variation. Transformation – bacteria take up pieces of DNA from their environment Conjugation – 2 bacterial cells join and exchange genetic material Transduction – genes from one bacteria are injected to a different bacteria by a virus

Diverse Prokaryotes for 40 How does knowing if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative help a doctor prescribe an antibiotic? Some antibiotics are made to kill gram + bacteria, some kill gram – bacteria, and some kill both types (broad spectrum or gram neutral). If a doctor knows the type of bacteria they can prescribe the most effective antibiotics and limit the chances of leaving antibiotic resistant bacteria behind.

Functions of Prokaryotes for 10 Define bioremediation and give two examples. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil. Sewage treatment Cleaning up oil spills Make vitamins & antibiotics

Functions of Prokaryotes for 20 Name a bacteria that restores oxygen to the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria

Functions of Prokaryotes for 30 Explain the role prokaryotes play in nitrogen recycling. Some bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to nitrogen compounds in the soil. Plants use the “fixed” nitrogen to make proteins and nucleic acids.

Functions of Prokaryotes for 40 How do prokaryotes recycle carbon? Some prokaryotes are decomposers. They break down dead material returning carbon to the soil and the air.

Disease for 10 Define pathogen A pathogen is a bacterium or other microorganism that causes disease.

Disease for 20 Give three examples of how humans defend against bacterial infection. Washing hands Careful food preparation Increased water quality Skin and mucous linings antibiotics

Disease for 30 Describe two ways in which bacteria can cause illness and give an example of each. Invasion of tissues and destroying cells – tuberculosis. Production of poisons – botulism/salmonella

Disease for 40 Use the data table to answer the following questions. Which disc is the control? Bacteria A is gram +, B is gram -, Which antibiotic should be used against each bacteria? Control = 2 Disc 3 kills bac A, Disc 1 kills Bac B best.

Bac. A Bac. B Disc. 1 8 mm 7 mm Disc. 2 0 mm 0mm Disc. 3 15 mm 1 mm

Viruses for 10 Define vaccine and give two examples. Vaccines are deactivated (dead or weakened) varieties of pathogens that stimulate the immune system to defend (create antibodies) against the actual pathogen. Polio/measles/chicken pox/flu/mumps, etc.

Viruses for 20 Explain what a retrovirus is and give one example. A retrovirus makes DNA from RNA (the reverse of the usual DNA to RNA flow). An example of a retrovirus is HIV.

Viruses for 30 How is a viral infection different from a bacterial Viruses invade cells and use the cells machinery to make more viruses. Most bacteria either produce toxins or destroy tissue.

Viruses for 40 Diagram the lytic and lysogenic cycle.

Ovule – produces egg cells Ovary – base of carpel becomes the fruit Style – leads from stigma to ovary, pollen tube grows through the style Stigma – sticky tip of carpel, collects pollen Anther – produce pollen Sepal – protects bud before it opens Petal – attracts pollinators