Macromolecules Overview Molecules of Life C H O N P

Carbohydrates Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen In a 1:2:1 ratio CH20 It’s building block is a Monosaccharide or simple sugar (glucose: C6H12O6) Put many monosaccharides together and you get a polysaccharide Provides our main source of energy (glucose; glycogen, starch) also for structural components (i.e..cell walls) Names of carbohydrates often end in -ose (glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, cellulose) Examples of carbohydrates; fruits, vegetables, breads, grains In the body we can find carbohydrates in the form of glucose in the blood stream and in the cytoplasm of cells, stored as glycogen in muscle and liver cells, also attached to cell membranes for cell recognition

Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology Carbon Cycle WaterCycle

Lipids Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen H is present in much greater quantities than O (CH>O; C18H34O3) It is made of a Glycerol molecule and 3 chains of Fatty Acids Can be saturated or unsaturated Provides our long term energy storage, component of biological membranes, act as chemical messengers and water proofing. Examples of lipids: fat, oil, wax, steroids In the body we can find lipids in the form of: the bilipid layer of every single cell membrane deposited into adipose (fat) tissue Ear wax

Proteins Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Held together by Peptide bonds (Proteins = Peptide Bonds) It’s building block is an Amino Acid Proteins can vary in: Number of amino acids Types of amino acids Sequence of amino acids Shape of amino acids Protein structure: Primary structure - a chain of amino acids Secondary structure - chains linked by hydrogen bonds causing helixes and pleated sheets Tertiary structure - certain attractions between helixes and pleated sheets Quaternary structure - consists of more than one amino acid chain Functions: control the rate of reactions, regulate cellular processes, fight diseases, and form bones and muscles Names of protein often end in either -in OR -ase (Hemoglobin, Insulin; OR lactase, protease, lipase) Examples of sources of protein: eggs, meat, cheese, yogurt, legumes, tofu (soy) In the body we can find protein in muscles and organs, as antibodies, enzymes

Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology

Nucleic Acids Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus It’s building block is a Nucleotide Phosphate 5 Carbon Sugar Nitrogenous Base Function: store and transmit genetic information Two types of Nucleic Acids are: DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid In the nucleus of plant and animal cells, also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, and floating in the cytoplasm of bacteria

Prior Knowledge – connection with Ecology

T/F - RNA molecules are made of nucleotides? Has a 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogen 4 Groups of macromolecules starch T/F - simple sugars are made of polysaccharides? Basic unit of a macromolecule Store energy, membranes, chemical messenger Amino Acids T/F - Glycerol is made of fatty acids? monosaccharides Glucose,galactose, fructose Organic compounds Glycerol & fatty acids Carbon & Hydrogen Amino acids are to protein as… Immediate energy Ratio of 1:2:1 T/F - Amino Acids are made of proteins? Control rxn’s, regulate processes, Fight disease, build muscle & bone RNA / DNA