dealing with classification and naming of living things Taxonomy Branch of Biology dealing with classification and naming of living things

New organisms are still being found and identified Overview: this slide does not need to be written down Species of Organisms There are an estimated 3 to 100 million species of organisms (most agree with 11 million) New organisms are still being found and identified

Carolus Linnaeus 1707 - 1778 -- aka “Father of Taxonomy” -- Based on structural similarities -- Early classification system: only 2 categories… -- Developed naming system used today (binomial nomenclature)

Criteria for Classification Linnaeus used structural similarities (ex: have feathers) As technology and knowledge changed Biochemical information DNA (genetic information), protein analysis Cytological information-cell structure Embryonic development Behavior

Taxon Levels Taxon (taxa – plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups from broadest to most specific

Taxon Levels *pyramid on board

Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup!

Chimp vs. Human Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Pongidae Pan troglodytes Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens

Binomial Nomenclature RULES  Write using genus and species Capitalize genus, lowercase species Underline OR italicize H. sapiens for short (in text) Homo sapiens or

Why use scientific names? More precise/accurate Universally accepted Specific to organism Ex: starfish and jellyfish , sea horse = arent really fish!!

Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

Neopalpa Donaldtrumpi http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/new-moth-species-donald-trump-hairstyle-neopalpa-donaldtrumpi-named-discovered-vazrick-nazari-a7531791.html

Smallmouth Bass Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Scientific classification Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. dolomieu Binomial name Micropterus dolomieu

Largemouth Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. salmoides Binomial name Micropterus salmoides

Striped Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Moronidae Genus: Morone Species: M. saxatilis Binomial name Morone saxatilis 3

Many species that are known as basses include: * The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, a member of the perch family, Percichthyidae. * The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, a member of the family Serranidae. * The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also known as the black sea bass, a member of the family Polyprionidae. * The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish. * The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. * The Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides * The Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui. * The Striped bass, Morone saxatilis * The Spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus

Taxonomic Keys Tools used to identify organisms already classified by taxonomists a.k.a. dichotomous keys Consist of a series of paired statements that describe alternative characteristics of the organism Statements describe presence or absence of a characteristic/structure

Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Domain: ARCHAEA Probably the 1st cells to evolve – simple! Live in HARSH environments Found in: Thermal or Volcanic Vents (thermophiles) Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) (halophiles)

ARCHAEAN

Domain: EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

Live in the intestines of animals

Domain: Eukarya – Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)

Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Animal-like= protozoan, Plant-like= algae

Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Parasite or decomposer Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin

Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.

Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Unicellular

Colonial

Multicellular-specialized cells/tissues

Level of Organization: Cell  tissue  organ  Organ system  organism

Mode of nutrition Heterotroph Autotroph Absorption Ingestion Photosynthetic / chemosynthetic