Bosnia in Turmoil Geography 308 Russia and Eastern Europe Professor Zoltan Grossman University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire Spring 2005

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/fm_yugoslavia_rel96.jpg

Ethnic Majorities Bosniaks – 48% (Bosnian Muslims) Serbs – 37.1% Croats – 14.3% http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.settlement.org/cp/english/bosnia/images/bos51.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.settlement.org/cp/english/bosnia/commun.html&h=250&w=187&sz=24&tbnid=a6XRYekVpLcJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=79&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbosnians%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991 http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/bosnia.html

War between Muslims, Croats and Serbs in Bosnia in 1992-1995. How did this happen? Who was responsible? 1995 results of ethnic cleansing Grossman’s EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point Presentation

WWII Yugoslavia invaded by Nazi Germany and partitioned Resistance movement led by Josip Tito After Germany’s defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia Merged Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Vojovodina. 1980 Tito died and w/o strong leadership the country plunged into political and economic chaos.

Slobodan Milosevic Slobodan Milosevic emerged as leader of Yugoslavia Used nationalism and religious hatreds to gain power Inflamed tensions between Serbs and Muslims (Bosniaks)

June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia January 9, 1992 Bosnian Serbs declare their own state within Bosnia and Herzegovina and claim Sarajevo as their capital March 3rd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence from Yugoslavia, strongly backed by the Muslim and Croat population

Europeans and the United States chose not to get involved militarily Recognized independence of Slovenia and Croatia

April 5th, Serb snipers open fire on a crowd of peace demonstrators in Sarajevo and start their quest for their own ethnically pure republic and Serbia begins to supply Bosnian Serbs with weaponry http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=sarajevo+sniper

UN prohibits troops from interfering militarily. Bosnian Serbs hold high ground outside of Sarajevo and start the siege of Sarajevo By the end the war, over 11,000 civilians had died in Sarajevo from sniper fire, bombardment, and ethnic cleansing UN prohibits troops from interfering militarily. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Siegeofsarajevo2.jpg

Bosnia enters the UN Yugoslavia had been a member of the UN May 22nd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Slovenia and Croatia become members of the United Nations http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=united+nations+flag

Failing Relations July of 1992 Bosnian Croats still hanging on to 1/5 of Bosnia declare independence from Bosnia as “Herceg-Bosna” Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats begin to fight over the last 30% of Bosnia

United Nations UN deploys 1,000 “Blue Helmets” to the Sarajevo airport in an attempt to create a safe zone and to provide humanitarian assistance in June 1992 Between April and May 1993 the UN declares Sarajevo, Tuzla, Bihac, Srebrenica, Zepa and Gorazde safe areas for Bosnian Muslims. Srebrenica is later the site of the worst massacre of the war

March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed a peace treaty New flag of Bosnia after 1995 http://www.exxun.com/BosniaandHerzegovina/a_fg.html March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed a peace treaty The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is created and Bosniaks and Croats once again fight together against the Serbs

U.S. Operation Deliberate Force http://www.balkan-archive.org.yu/kosta/nato/

Srebrenica Massacre July 1995 Labeled a Gendercide since military-age men were targeted Intercepted radio message, "You must kill everyone. We don't need anyone alive,” from Bosnian Serb General Radivoj Krstic. http://www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html

Red Cross estimates 7,079 dead and missing in Srebrenica alone http://www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html Red Cross estimates 7,079 dead and missing in Srebrenica alone Other estimates from 8,000 to 10,000

http://www.gendercide.org/case_srebrenica.html

Dayton Accords December 14, 1995 the nationalist militia goals were somewhat reached with the official division of Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs within Bosnia 278,000 dead and missing 1,325,000 refugees and exiles from Bosnia and Herzegovina http://www.gendercide.org/case_bosnia.html http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.croatianrelief.org/images/sarajevo6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.croatianrelief.org/menu/allphoto.htm&h=282&w=529&sz=54&tbnid=zanm94y0qQ8J:&tbnh=68&tbnw=128&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddestruction%2Bof%2Bsarajevo%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

Dayton Accord Line of 1995 Separates Bosnian Serbs in “Republika Srpska” from Bosniaks and Croats in the “Muslim-Croat Federation” Grossman’s EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point Presentation

http://images. search. yahoo. com/search/images/view http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3F_adv_prop%3Dimages%26%26fr%3DFP-tab-web-t%26imgsz%3Dall%26imgc%3D%26vf%3Dall%26va%3Dbosnia%2Bcivil%2Bwar%26fr%3DFP-tab-web-t&h=343&w=250&imgcurl=ww2.pstripes.osd.mil%2F01%2Fapr01%2F428bos1.jpg&imgurl=ww2.pstripes.osd.mil%2F01%2Fapr01%2F428bos1.jpg&size=36.0kB&name=428bos1.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readstripes.com%2F01%2Fapr01%2Fed042901f.html&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readstripes.com%2F01%2Fapr01%2Fed042901f.html&p=bosnia+civil+war&type=jpeg&no=8&tt=116

Aftermath Much of Sarajevo’s beauty as seen by the world during the 1984 Summer Olympics is reduced to a massive pile of rubble, as well as many other areas of Bosnia http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.croatianrelief.org/images/sarajevo6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.croatianrelief.org/menu/allphoto.htm&h=282&w=529&sz=54&tbnid=zanm94y0qQ8J:&tbnh=68&tbnw=128&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddestruction%2Bof%2Bsarajevo%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

Caution: Minefield! During the war, 2 to 3 million mines are sewn throughout Bosnia as a terror technique by the Serbian army and other forces Humanitarian efforts still exist today to disarm the countless minefields

http://www. mech. uwa. edu. au/jpt/demining/countries/balkans/sara3 http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/jpt/demining/countries/balkans/sara3.html

Casualties from Mines http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/bosnia/bosnia2002/landmines.html