Teaching the Chlorine Rule

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Presentation transcript:

Teaching the Chlorine Rule Ray A. Gross, Jr. Prince George’s Community College

The 19th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education July 31, 2006

Home of the boilermakers.

The Chlorine Rule A way to analyze the mass spectra of BrmCln compounds, where m and n are small numbers. J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 1162-1168

Brm and Cln Clusters

What we (need to) know The end cluster peaks for Brm compounds are always ~1:1 in intensity. The end cluster peaks for Cln compounds are ~3:1 for Cl1, ~9:1 for Cl2, and ~3n:1 for Cln. The number of significant cluster peaks is one more then the number of halogens, m + n.

New Idea Bromine makes the same 1:1 contribution to the end peaks of a BrmCln spectrum that it makes to a Brm spectrum.

Which means Differences in end-peak intensities are attributable to the number of Cl atoms only.

The Chlorine Rule For BrmCln compounds, the intensity ratio of the leftmost to rightmost cluster peak rises with the nth power of three. I = 3n

Structure begets properties!

Conclusions The chlorine rule provides an efficient method for determining small numbers of Br and Cl atoms in an unknown’s mass spectrum. It complements the nitrogen rule.

Acknowledgement SDBS Website http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi (accessed July 2006)