Agenda Discuss details of yesterday’s reading assignment Pick-up a Chromebook > go to www.hanleyt.weebly.com > “More” Tab > “Global Studies 9” Tab > “Modern Africa” Tab > Use the buttons as well as the reading provided to answer and address the question (THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT) > DUE AT THE END OF THE PERIOD TODAY! Complete the Rwanda Portion of your Chart > Discuss? OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of violence on the creation of a stable state

Agenda Complete the Rwanda Portion of your Chart Question > What should the government do in response to the crisis in Rwanda? Essential Question: What event occurred in Africa that affected the United State’s response to the Rwandan crisis? Objective: Examine how events in Mogadishu impacted the international (U.S.) response to the events in Rwanda

Battle of Mogadishu aka Black Hawk Down

The Lead Up Jan. 1991- Somalian President Barre overthrown resulting in civil war With president Mohammed Siad Barre overthrown, Somali National Army disbands with some former soldiers joining clan militias. Total of 4 opposition groups competing for political control The main rebel group, located in Mogadishu, split into 2 armed factions: one led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, who became president, and the other by Mohamed Farrah Aidid. (read bullet 1) With president Mohammed Siad Barre overthrown, Somali National Army disbands with some former soldiers joining clan militias. (read bullet 2) The main rebel group, located in Mogadishu, split into 2 armed factions: one led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, who became president, and the other by Mohamed Farrah Aidid.

The Lead Up June 1991 agreed upon cease fire fails with a 5th rebel group joining the fight Sept. 1991- fighting from Mogadishu spreads throughout country (20,000 killed by end of the year) Farm land destroyed leading to a massive starvation crisis

The Lead Up International community sends food supplies but this fails hijacked and brought to local clan leaders, who exchanged food for weapons 80% of the food was stolen 300,000 die from starvation and another 1.5 million affected by fighting from 1991-1992. July 1992- another ceasefire brokered UN sends in 50 military observers to watch food distribution with new ceasefire. (read bullet 1) Vast amounts of food were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders, who exchanged food for weapons. 80% of the food was stolen. (read bullets 2 & 3) UN sends in 50 military observers to watch food distribution with new ceasefire.

The Lead Up Aug. 1992- Operation Provide Relief to aid more then 3 million starving people George H.W. Bush send military transports to support multinational UN relief effort in Somalia. 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies delivered, but still was not enough. 500,000 dead, 1.5 million displaced Dec. 1992- US launches major coalition op to assist and protect humanitarian activities Operation Restore Hope saw the US assuming unified command. The Marines secured 1/3 of the city, port, and airport within 2 weeks. (read bullet 1) George H.W. Bush send military transports to support multinational UN relief effort in Somalia. 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies delivered, but still was not enough. (read bullets 2 &3) Operation Restore Hope saw the US assuming unified command. The Marines secured 1/3 of the city, port, and airport within 2 weeks.

The Lead Up March 1993- UN states their presence and operations have created a positive impact There was still no effective government, police, or national army with the result of serious security threats to UN personnel. March 15, 1993- Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia held in Ethiopia all agreeing to peace The Security Council authorized UN forces to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia, in order to achieve national reconciliation and create a democratic state. At the conference, all 15 Somali parties agreed to the terms set out to restore peace and democracy. (read bullet 3) May 1993- Mohammed Farrah Aidid’s faction no longer cooperates (read bullet 1 & 2) There was still no effective government, police, or national army with the result of serious security threats to UN personnel. The Security Council authorized UN forces to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia, in order to achieve national reconciliation and create a democratic state. At the conference, all 15 Somali parties agreed to the terms set out to restore peace and democracy. (read bullet 3)

The Lead Up Aidid begins broadcasting anti-UN propaganda on Radio Mogadishu UN Lieutenant orders radio station shut down in an attempt to stop what could become a rebellion. Aidid orders his SNA militia to attack Pakistani troopers inspecting arms cache 24 dead 57 wounded Pakistani troops and 1 wounded Italian and 3 wounded Americans. June 1993- UN Security Council passes Resolution 837 declaring total war on Aidid and his forces (read bullet 1) UN Lieutenant orders radio station shut down in an attempt to stop what could become a rebellion. (read bullet 2) 24 dead 57 wounded Pakistani troops and 1 wounded Italian and 3 wounded Americans. (read bullet 3)

The Lead Up US troops start attacking targets in Mogadishu hoping to find Aidid Admiral Howe places $25,000 warrant on Aidid but he was never captured. Howe also asks for a counter-terrorism rescue force due to the Pakistani deaths. (read bullet 1) Admiral Howe places $25,000 warrant on Aidid but he was never captured. Howe also asks for a counter-terrorism rescue force due to the Pakistani deaths. (read bullet 2) During the 17 mins. combat op, US Cobra attack helicopters fired 16 TOW missiles and thousands of 20-mm cannon rounds into the compound, killing 60 people. The number of Somali fatalities was disputed. Aidid’s interior minister claimed 763 dead, including women and children. Howe’s reports place the number of dead at 20, all men. International Committee of the Red Cross says 54. Aidid was not at the safe house.

Agenda Question > What should the government do in response to the crisis in Rwanda? Essential Question: What event occurred in Africa that affected the United State’s response to the Rwandan crisis? Objective: Examine how events in Mogadishu impacted the international (U.S.) response to the events in Rwanda

The Lead Up July 1993- US led op launches on what is believed to be a safe house where Aidid is hiding in Mogadishu During the 17 mins. combat op, US Cobra attack helicopters fired 16 TOW missiles and thousands of 20-mm cannon rounds into the compound, killing 60 people. The number of Somali fatalities was disputed. Aidid’s interior minister claimed 763 dead, including women and children. Howe’s reports place the number of dead at 20, all men. International Committee of the Red Cross says 54. Aidid was not at the safe house.

The Lead Up Op lead to deaths of 4 journalists, killed by angry mob when they go to cover the incident This is a huge turning point in unifying Somalis against US efforts in Somalia, including former moderates. “Is this an American attack?!” many Somalis ask themselves Originally championed as heroes, now see US as a villain. (read bullet 1) This is a huge turning point in unifying Somalis against US efforts in Somalia, including former moderates. (read bullet 2) Originally championed as heroes, now see US as a villain.

The Lead Up Aug. 1993- Aidid’s militia detonated a remote controlled bomb against a US military vehicle 4 soldiers were killed. 2 weeks later another bomb kills 7 more. Aug. 1993- President Clinton approves the deployment of a special task force Task force composed of 400 US Army Rangers and Delta Force operators. This unit named Task Force Ranger, consisted of 160 elite US troops. Unit deploys to Somalia under Major General William F. Garrison. Sept. 1993- Task Force Ranger captures Aidid’s financier, Osman Ali Atto (read bullet 1) 4 soldiers were killed. 2 weeks later another bomb kills 7 more. (read bullet 2) Task force composed of 400 US Army Rangers and Delta Force operators. This unit named Task Force Ranger, consisted of 160 elite US troops. Unit deploys to Somalia under Major General William F. Garrison. (read bullet 3)

The Operation Sept. 1993- Aidid’s men shoot down 101st Airborne Division Black Hawk, killing 3 crew members (read bullet 1) This was a huge Somali psychological victory. This was only the beginning of the problems. During the op, 2 black hawk helicopters were shot down by RPGs and three others were damaged. Some of the wounded survivors were able to evacuate to the compound, but others remained near the crash sites and were isolated. An urban battle ensued throughout the night.

The Operation Sept. 1993 early AM- Combined task force sent to rescue trapped soldiers Objective: rescue trapped soldiers and capture 2 of Aidid’s high ranking officials

The Raid Problem after problem Under heavy enemy fire Timing problems Incorrect locations

The Operation Early AM- combined task force sent to rescue trapped soldiers 1st crash site reached 2nd crash site overrun by hostile Somalis during the night (read bullet 1) It contained soldiers from the Pakistan Army, Malaysian Army and US Army’s 10th Mountain Division. They assembled some hundred vehicles, including Pakistani tanks and Malaysian Condor armored personnel carriers and were supported by US army. This task force reached the first crash site and rescued the survivors. Delta snipers Gary Gordon and Randy Shughart volunteered to hold them off until ground forces arrived. A Somali mob with thousands of combatants eventually overrun the 2 men. The site’s lone survivor American pilot Michael Durant , who was nearly beaten to death, had been taken prisoner but was later released. Gordon and Shughart were posthumously awarded Medal of Honor.

The Aftermath Exact number of Somali causalities unknown At time of the battle it was the bloodiest involving US troops since the Vietnam War July 1996- Aidid was wounded during a firefight between militia and forces loyal to warlords (read bullet 1) Estimates range from several hundred to over a thousand militiamen and others killed, with injuries to another 3-4,000. The Somali causalities were reported in The Washington Post as 312 killed and 814 wounded. The Pentagon initially reported 5 American soldiers were killed but the total was actually 18 dead and 73 wounded. The violence doesn’t end there. Two days later, a 19th Delta operator SFC Matt Rierson, was killed in a mortar attack. Among UN forces, 1 Malaysian and 1 Pakistani died, 7 Malaysians and 2 Pakistanis were wounded. (read bullet 2) Battle remained so until 2nd battle of Fallujah in 2004. (read bullet 3) August 1996 Aidid suffered a fatal heart attack either during or after surgery to treat his wounds. The following day, General Garrison retired. Offered letter of responsibility for the way the battle played out to the President.

The Aftermath Loss of US military personnel during the Black Hawk Down op evoked public outcry TV images of American soldiers being dragged through the streets by Somalis were too graphic for American public to endure Clinton Admin. responded by scaling down US humanitarian efforts in the region Soldiers bodies were defecated on.

The Aftermath Mission seen as failure Decision to leave the region before completing the operation’s humanitarian and security objectives Perceived failure to recognize the threat Al-Qaida elements posed in the region (read bullet 1) Clinton admin endured great criticism for operation’s outcome. (read bullets 1a and 1b) Critics claim that Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaida provided support and training to Mahammed Farrah Aidid’s forces. Osama bin Laden even belittled the administration's decisions to prematurely depart the region stating that it displayed “the weakness, feebleness and cowardliness of the US soldier.”

To Intervene or Not to Intervene? Critical Humanitarian Intervention (CHI): generally the use of force by external interveners to rescue or assist populations in dire need, due to collapse of any internal governance or the inability of such to address the catastrophic events Done with and without OK of the host country

To Intervene or Not to Intervene? Sovereignty? Ferocious and vicious wars High risk worth it? US seen as having a “glass ceiling” Expensive Lose/lose proposition No exit Success stories? No thanks Loosely stated a country sends troops into another destroying its sovereignty because of fragile state/broken state to deal with humanitarian needs. Know you will need to act but will violate the international system, once you intervene you become the enemy and they will turn on you. Risk worth it? Darfur’s 2 races black African and Arabic Africans want to be dominate party, Christians exterminated by Muslims. Is it a civil war or do you send troops in to stop the slaughter? Expensive missions- example: Rwanda no real transportation route so expensive to keep peace keepers supplied. Lose/lose scenario- show up and problem not solvable . No exit out of situation then do you have to end up nation building or staying there permanently as the peace keeping force? Not really “success story” as you just agree to certain amount of pain. No thanks- US goes to help Somalia and in 3 months completely turn on US. Violence- You will face terrible violence. Your troops will not be honored for this. Many times accused of war crimes. Glass ceiling- Consider the quote from bin Laden. Did we signal to our enemies that we will only tolerate so much before pulling out?

To Intervene or Not to Intervene? So why do this? Because you can’t ignore lest it spreads to your country. By sitting aside you signal to the world, and enemies, that you are OK with it. Is the life of 1 person worth more then the life of another? By picking winners and losers you make more enemies and stand for….?

Now, carefully read and annotate the remaining two works regarding genocide in Kenya and Nigeria > Complete your Chart (THIS IS AN INIDVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT) Discuss and/or finish for homework Objective: Analyze how ethnic tensions in Nigeria and Kenya escalated into genocide