Complete the vocabulary Astronomy Notes The Universe Complete the vocabulary

Big Bang Animation

The Big Bang Song

is thought to have occurred The BIG BANG is thought to have occurred 13.8 billion years ago

What is the Big Bang Theory? The universe started as a single point. That point was extremely dense. It became unstable and exploded outward. Today the universe continues to expand.

The Doppler Effect A change in the wavelength (or frequency) of energy in the form of waves, e.g., sound or light, as a result of motion.

Evidence for the Big Bang light from distant galaxies all shift toward red

Evidence for the Big Bang Doppler Effect light from distant galaxies all shift toward red

Shifts in the Electromagnetic Spectrum Red Shift = away Blue Shift = toward

Evidence for the Big Bang Doppler Effect light from distant galaxies all shift toward red Red Shift = away Blue Shift = toward

Evidence for the Big Bang Cosmic Background Radiation

Cosmic Background radiation Evidence for the Big Bang Doppler Effect light from distant galaxies all shift toward red Red Shift = away Blue Shift = toward Cosmic Background radiation

galaxy planet solar system Put these in order of size: galaxy planet solar system star universe moon universe galaxy solar system star planet moon Largest Smallest

The Earth’s Place in Space

Vocab Maps Universe Doppler Effect Galaxy Solar System

Astronomy Notes Stars

Relative Size of Celestial Objects

What are the main classifications of stars? Giants Main Sequence White Dwarfs Supergiants ESRT p15

characteristics are used to What two characteristics are used to classify stars? ESRT p.15

ESRTs p15 What two characteristics Luminosity are used to classify stars? Luminosity Temperature ESRTs p15

What type of star is our Sun classified as? Main Sequence ESRT p15 Main Sequence Circle where it is on the chart

Shade the chart where all of the stars are hotter than our sun. ESRTs p15

Draw a line on the chart which separates those stars brighter than our sun and those less bright. ESRT p15

Draw a line on the chart which separates those stars brighter than our sun and those less bright. ESRT p15

What color are the stars in the constellation Orion? ESRT p15

Betelgeuse Rigel

Betelgeuse is Red or Reddish-orange Rigel is Blue or Bluish-white

How do stars generate their energy? Hydrogen Helium Hydrogen Nuclear Fusion

Vocab Maps Luminosity Constellation

Our Solar System

ROTATION ROTATION is the spinning on an axis HINT: A is for Axis is the spinning on an axis

On a planet, rotation causes Night and Day

orbiting around an object REVOLUTION is orbiting around an object

On a planet REVOLUTION causes Seasons

12 hours of daylight everywhere on Earth POLAR VIEW 12 hours of daylight everywhere on Earth Vernal Equinox 12 hours of daylight Equator – strongest sun rays Summer Solstice 15 hours of daylight Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays Winter Solstice 9 hours of daylight Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays North Pole 24 hours daylight South Pole 24 hours darkness North Pole 24 hours darkness South Pole 24 hours daylight Autumnal Equinox 12 hours of daylight Equator – strongest sun rays 12 hours of daylight everywhere on Earth

Equator – strongest sun rays Vernal Equinox 12 hours of daylight Equator – strongest sun rays The Sun rises directly East at approximately 6 a.m.

Equator – strongest sun rays Vernal Equinox 12 hours of daylight Equator – strongest sun rays The Sun is directly South at noon, 47o above the horizon.

Equator – strongest sun rays Vernal Equinox 12 hours of daylight Equator – strongest sun rays The Sun sets directly West at approximately 6 p.m.

Green = Vernal Equinox

Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays Summer Solstice 15 hours of daylight Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays The Sun rises North of East before 6 a.m.

Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays Summer Solstice 15 hours of daylight Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays The Sun is directly south at noon, 70o above the horizon S

Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays Summer Solstice 15 hours of daylight Tropic of Cancer – strongest sun rays The Sun sets North of West after 6 p.m.

Red = Summer Solstice

Green = Autumnal Equinox Same as Vernal Equinox

Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays Winter Solstice 9 hours of daylight Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays The Sun rises South of East after 6 a.m.

Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays Winter Solstice 9 hours of daylight Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays The Sun is directly south at noon, 23o above the horizon

Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays Winter Solstice 9 hours of daylight Tropic of Capricorn – strongest sun rays The Sun sets South of West before 6 p.m.

Purple = Winter Solstice

Summer Autumn / Spring Winter

Draw a line across the table between the Terrestrial and Jovian planets and label.

Which are more dense? Jovian or Terrestrial

Which have more moons ? Jovian or Terrestrial

Which have longer periods of revolution? Jovian or Terrestrial

Which are larger in size on average ? Jovian or Terrestrial

Which planet has the longest day? Venus

Which planet has the longest year? Neptune

Which planet has a longer day than its year? Venus

How are the orbits of the planets described? slightly, eccentric ellipse eccentricity website

Which planet has the least perfectly circular orbit? Mercury

Which planet has the most perfectly circular orbit? Venus

Vocab Maps Revolution Rotation

Johann Kepler

Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse below: length of major axis focus focus eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis Formula:

When does a planet move slowest in its orbit? When furthest from Sun When does a planet move fastest in its orbit? When closest to Sun

Distance from the sun does NOT affect the seasons! When is Earth closest to the sun? January 6 Distance from the sun does NOT affect the seasons! When is Earth farthest from the sun? July 6

January 6 July 6 When does the Earth move fastest? When does the Earth move slowest? July 6

Which planet moves fastest? Which planet moves slowest? MERCURY NEPTUNE

Areas swept by the radius over equal time periods are equal. Kepler's Second Law Area A = Area B Area C Areas swept by the radius over equal time periods are equal.

The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon. rocky objects with round or irregular shapes lie in a belt between Mars and Jupiter The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon.

They don’t appear to move on a short term basis. only visible when they are close to the sun They don’t appear to move on a short term basis.

Meteorites are chunks of meteors that hit Earth Also called Shooting Stars The visible path of debris burning in Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorites are chunks of meteors that hit Earth

DWARF PLANETS An object large enough to orbit the sun but not big enough to have cleared out its orbit of smaller objects

DWARF PLANT The Planets

Vocab Maps Ellipse Eccentricity Focus Asteroid Meteor Comet

The Threat from Space CLOSE READING Read and annotate then answer questions.

Paragraph 1. What happens to most meteors that enter the Earth’s atmosphere?   Hundreds of them enter the atmosphere every minute. That's because our solar system contains several bands of space rocks—asteroids and comets of varying size and composition—which can veer off into new orbits that intersect with Earth's. Almost all the objects that reach our planet are mere inches in diameter and burn up in the atmosphere. A handful of times a year, space rocks up to 10 feet in diameter make it to the planet's surface. Once a millennium, an asteroid larger than 250 feet penetrates the atmosphere, causing major but localized damage. Every 1 million years, on average, an asteroid over a mile in diameter strikes Earth, with catastrophic consequences. An asteroid six miles in diameter is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. If one that size were to hit Earth tomorrow, it would instantly erase all life within 1,000 miles of impact, and probably throw so much dust into the atmosphere that it would blot out the sun for years, killing off most species. Almost all the objects that reach our planet are mere inches in diameter and burn up in the atmosphere.

Paragraph 1.   How big was the meteor that was thought to have killed off the dinosaurs?  Hundreds of them enter the atmosphere every minute. That's because our solar system contains several bands of space rocks—asteroids and comets of varying size and composition—which can veer off into new orbits that intersect with Earth's. Almost all the objects that reach our planet are mere inches in diameter and burn up in the atmosphere. A handful of times a year, space rocks up to 10 feet in diameter make it to the planet's surface. Once a millennium, an asteroid larger than 250 feet penetrates the atmosphere, causing major but localized damage. Every 1 million years, on average, an asteroid over a mile in diameter strikes Earth, with catastrophic consequences. An asteroid six miles in diameter is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. If one that size were to hit Earth tomorrow, it would instantly erase all life within 1,000 miles of impact, and probably throw so much dust into the atmosphere that it would blot out the sun for years, killing off most species. An asteroid six miles in diameter is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

Explain the difference between the geo- and helio-centric models of the solar system. Helio-centric Geo-centric Earth- centered Sun- centered

Claudius Ptolemy 90 - 168 Model of the universe which was GEOCENTRIC This model was INCORRECT and was accepted for over 1000 years

Nicholas Copernicus 1473 - 1543 Model of the universe which was HELIOCENTRIC He delayed publication until his imminent death.

Nicholas Copernicus 1473 - 1543

Giordano Bruno 1548 - 1600 Model of the universe which was HELIOCENTRIC And the universe was INFINITE Bruno was burned at the stake for his beliefs.

Galileo Galilei 1564 - 1642 Used his telescope to prove the solar system is HELIOCENTRIC Galileo was placed under house arrest for his beliefs.

Galileo Galilei 1564 - 1642

Vocab Maps Geocentric Heliocentric

Earth Motions Astronomy

How long is one rotation of Earth? Earth's Motions How long is one rotation of Earth? One day A for Axis A in Day How long is one revolution of Earth? One year

Rising and Setting of the Sun Rotation Rising and Setting of the Moon The Seasons Changing Constellations Movement of Stars through the sky Revolution

Earth's rate of rotation? How do you calculate Earth's rate of rotation? One rotation = 360° Time for one rotation = 24 hours 360° ÷ 24 = 15°/hr

How many degrees did the stars move from diagram 1 to diagram 2? 2 hours x 15° 30°

How can you find Polaris? It’s the only one that didn’t move OR

North Star Polaris 5 ½ cuplengths North Pole

Because Polaris can only be seen in the North What hemisphere must you be in? Why? Northern Because Polaris can only be seen in the North

Looking towards the North Star What direction must you be looking? North Looking towards the North Star

What direction do the stars appear to move? Counterclockwise

What causes the stars appear to move?

Evidence for Rotation Foucault Pendulum

Evidence for Rotation Coriolis Effect

Evidence for Revolution Changing Constellations

Evidence for Revolution Changing Constellations

Evidence for Revolution Earth at position 1 Earth at position 2 Close Star Far Star B Far Star A Parallax

Vocab Maps Local Time Altitude Foucault Pedulum Coriolis Effect

The Moon Astronomy

Why is Earth not like this? Why so many? Craters What are these? No atmosphere Why is Earth not like this? weathering, erosion, atmosphere

Phases of the Moon

Moon Phases

What causes the phases of the moon? The moon's revolution around Earth.

27.3 days How long does one revolution of the moon take? How long does one rotation of the moon take? ESRTs p15

What phenomenon does this explain? We only ever see one side of the moon.

Why does the moon rise later each day? because as the Earth rotates, the moon revolves

What phase of the moon is this? New Gibbous New Crescent 3rd Quarter

Approximate Times of Moonrise and Moonset    moonrise    moonset new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM waxing crescent 09:00 AM 09:00 PM first quarter 12:00 PM 12:00 AM waxing gibbous 03:00 PM 03:00 AM full moon waning gibbous third quarter waning crescent How many hours is the moon visible each day? 12 hours

What is "waxing"? more of the moon's surface can be seen

What is "waning"? less of the moon's surface can be seen

The phases of the moon are what type of event? Cyclic

Going to the Moon

Great food, but no atmosphere! Restaurant on the Moon. Great food, but no atmosphere!

Tides & Eclipses

What causes tides?

Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon & sun

Tides are cyclic

TIDES

which types of tides have a larger range? Based on the diagram, which types of tides have a larger range? SPRING TIDES

During which phases of the moon do neap and spring tides occur?

1st & 3rd Quarters Neap?

New or Full Moon Spring?

How many tides a day? 2 high tides 2 low tides

Why doesn’t the tide happen exactly every 12 hours? The Earth revolves around the sun as the moon orbits Earth.

What’s the difference between solar and lunar eclipses? moon goes into Earth’s shadow Earth goes into moon’s shadow

Solar Eclipse 2010

Total Solar Eclipse 2017

Solar Eclipses through 2020

Lunar Eclipse What phase? Full Moon

Lunar Eclipse 2010

solar and lunar eclipses Why don’t we have solar and lunar eclipses every month? The moon’s orbit is tilted 5° from the Earth’s orbit.

Vocab Maps Eclipse Tides