The Progressive Era

The Progressive Movement Series of reform movements in the 1890s that sought to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in the U.S. Promoting social welfare Promoting moral improvement Creating economic reform Fostering efficiency

Monopolies A firm that bought out all of its competitors. Achieved complete control over its industry’s production, wages, and prices.

Big Business in the U.S. Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel Rags to Riches Vertical Integration – Process of buying out suppliers in order to control raw materials and transportation systems. Horizontal Integration – Companies producing similar products merge with one another.

John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company – Controlled 90% of the oil refining business. Formed trusts with competing companies to gain control of the oil industry. Paid workers less, sold oil cheaper, reaped huge benefits!!!

Sherman Antitrust Act Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Cartoon Analysis On a separate sheet of paper, analyze the political cartoon on the next slide by answering the following questions: What is the subject of the political cartoon? What is the main idea of the political cartoon? How do you know what the main idea of the cartoon is?

Cartoon Analysis

Working Conditions in Factories 12 hour workdays 7 day work week No vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or injury reimbursement. Unhealthy work environments Very low wages 20% of boys and 10% of girls under age 15 held jobs.

Picture Analysis On a separate sheet of paper, analyze the image on the next slide by answering the following questions: What kind of lives do you think the boys in the photo lived? What effect might Lewis Hine have hoped this photograph would have on the people who saw it in the early 1900s?

Workers Organize Unions formed in response to worker maltreatment. workers went on strike. Strikes put down. Government and Executives discouraged and feared unions. Unions still continued and grew in power.

Expanding Education in the Progressive Era Post Reconstruction Mandatory education laws were passed. Number of public schools increased. Literacy rates increased. Number of students enrolled in public schools increased from 7.6 million in 1871 to 21.6 million in 1920.

Education for African Americans Largely excluded from public education… RACISM!!! 1890 – Fewer than 1% of black teenagers attended public high school. 1910 – About 3% of black teenagers attended high school, but most went to private schools.

Expanding Higher Education in the Progressive Era Number of colleges increased. Number of students attending colleges and professional colleges increased. African Americans attended in much lower numbers due to racial discrimination. Howard University Fisk University Atlanta University Tuskegee Institute

Prohibition Movement Prohibition – The banning of alcoholic beverages. Large part of the Progressive Movement. Led by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (Carry Nation).

Prohibition Movement Reasons for Prohibition: Alcohol promotes immorality. Alcohol promotes neglect of families. Alcohol promotes abuse of families. Alcohol promotes violence. Alcohol promotes poverty.

Prohibition Document Analysis Directions: Analyze the Prohibition advertisement on the next slide by answering the following questions: In 1918, Ohio citizens voted on a referendum to make the sale of alcohol illegal. Does this advertisement encourage Ohioans to vote in favor of the referendum? The man in the advertisement represents people who profit from manufacturing and selling liquor. What is the general meaning of the words printed on the bags of money?

Prohibition Amendments 1919 – 18th Amendment – Banned the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcohol. Led to massive organized crime (Al Capone, etc.) Speakeasies Bootlegging 1933 – 21st Amendment – Repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol legal again.

Women’s Reform Suffrage – The right to vote. Women faced constant opposition in suffrage movement. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the leading proponents of woman suffrage. Felt that if men could vote women should also be able to vote.

Three-Part Strategy to Suffrage Get state Legislatures to pass voting amendments. Colorado had granted women the right to vote by the 1890s. Take cases to court. Try to challenge 14th Amendment Pass constitutional amendment. 19th Amendment - 1920

Health and Environment Reform Muckrakers – Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in the 20th century. 1904 – Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, a novel describing the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry.

The Jungle Document Analysis Directions: Read the document on the next page and answer the following question: According to Sinclair, what was the consequence of Industrialization on the American people?

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair [T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the publics breakfast.

Health and Environment Reform 1901- Teddy Roosevelt became President after the assassination of William McKinley. Passed laws to ensure better health and environment.

Health Improvement 1906 Meat Inspection Act 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act – Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

Environmental Improvement Roosevelt set aside lands to be designated as national parks, meaning that they would be preserved and protected from industrial influences.

Trustbusting Roosevelt broke up many trusts that were dominating the U.S. economy. Opened the door back up to free competition.

Continued Reform Presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson continued Progressive reforms. However, neither did anything to advance civil rights.

Check Point # 1 On a separate sheet of paper, define each of the following terms and draw a picture to represent that term: 1. Progressive Movement 7. The Jungle 2. Monopoly 3. Prohibition 4. 18th Amendment 5. 19th Amendment 6. 21st Amendment

Assessment: The Progressive Era Please answer the following questions on loose-leaf paper or typed (extra credit): Each question is one paragraph. It is due the next class period along with class notes. What was the Progressive Era? Time, place, people, ideas What was one movement in the era that you can see yourself belonging to? Why? What role would you have played in the movement? What is one movement today that you believe in ? Why? What is or what will be your role in it?

U.S. Imperialism Imperialism – The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and or military control over weaker territories. Factors that fueled American Imperialism: Desire to civilize the rest of the world. Thirst for new economic markets. Belief in the cultural superiority of white Anglo-Saxon culture.

Thirst for New Markets U.S. was producing far more than American citizens could consume. Acquiring new lands would allow for access to more raw materials and a larger consumer population.

Belief in Cultural Superiority White Anglo Saxons believed they were racially superior to other races and ethnic groups. Said the U.S. had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples.”

Expanding the U.S. 1867 – Alaska was purchased by the U.S. (for 2 cents an acre). Valuable natural resources. 1898 – Hawaii annexed by the U.S. Valuable trading partner and key port for U.S. Navy.

The Spanish American War Causes: 1895: Cuba rebelled against Spain, which owned Cuba at the time. Yellow Journalism fueled American support for Cuba. 1898: U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba to bring American citizens home and was blown up in the harbor of Havana. 260 Americans killed.

The Spanish American War Fighting in the War: U.S. forces were mostly volunteer. Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders who won a key victory at San Juan Hill.

The Spanish American War The Result: U.S. won after only 15 weeks of fighting. Treaty of Paris: Cuba was freed U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain.

Effects of the War U.S. established partial control over Cuba. U.S. and Cuban relations began to deteriorate.

The U.S. and China U.S. saw China as a vast potential market for American products. China had become the “sick man of Asia.” France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia all established settlements along the Chinese coast.

The U.S. and China To protect their interests in China, the U.S. implemented the Open Door Policy. Open Door Policy – Told foreign countries not to interfere with U.S. trade with China.

Cartoon Analysis On a separate sheet of paper, analyze the political cartoon on the next slide by answering the following question. What does the cartoon imply about the Open Door Policy?

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rest of the World Initiated the construction of the Panama Canal. One of the world’s greatest engineering feats.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rest of the World Foreign Policy Protected U.S. interests in Latin America and other parts of the world. “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” was his foreign policy motto. Meant that his negotiations were always backed by the threat of military force.

Other Developments During the Progressive Era Growth of Mass Culture Spectator Sports – BASEBALL! Mass Newspaper Circulation Music – JAZZ! Harlem Renaissance – Explosion of African American art in the 1920s, centered in Harlem. Department Stores Advertisements Radio

Check Point # 2 On a separate sheet of paper, define each of the following terms and draw a picture to represent that term: 8. Imperialism 9. Spanish-American War 10. Open Door Policy 11. “Speak Softly, Carry a big Stick”

Assessment: Imperialism Please answer the following questions on loose-leaf paper or typed (extra credit): Each question is one paragraph. It is due the next class period along with class notes. What is Imperialism? Define, countries, places, and reasons. Who / What is Imperialistic today? Why?