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F7.1 Global cumulative installed wind capacity has soared in the past decade World Development Report 2010 Source: Global Wind Energy Council 2009.

F7.2 Government budgets for energy RD&D are near their lows, and nuclear dominates World Development Report 2010 Sources: IEA 2008a; IEA, (accessed April 2, 2009); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (accessed April 2, 2009). Note: RD&D calculated at 2007 prices and exchange rates. Values on left axis are for RD&D (that is, including demonstration in addition to research and development), as is typical in the energy sector. However because totals of cross-sectoral R&D alone are available, the right axis only includes R&D.

F7.3 Annual spending for energy and climate change R&D pales against subsidies World Development Report 2010 Sources: IEA 2008a; IEA 2008b; IEA, (accessed April 2, 2009). Note: Global subsidy estimates are based on subsidies shown for 20 highest-subsidizing non-OECD countries only (energy subsidies in OECD countries are minimal).

F7.4 The pace of invention is uneven across low-carbon technologies World Development Report 2010 Source: Dechezleprêtre and others 2008.

F7.5 Policy affects every link of the innovation chain World Development Report 2010 Source: Adapted from IEA 2008a.

F7.6 The valley of death between research and the market World Development Report 2010 Source: WDR team.

F7.7 Enrollment in engineering remains low in many developing countries World Development Report 2010 Source: WDR team based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics, (accessed August 30, 2009).

F7.8 E-bikes are now among the cheapest and cleanest travel mode options in China World Development Report 2010 Sources: Cherry 2007; Weinert, Ma, and Cherry 2007; photograph from the Wikipedia Foundation. Note: E-bike emissions refer to full life-cycle, which, in this case, includes production, energy production, and use. For the regular bicycle only emissions from production are included.

F7.9 Middle-income countries are attracting investments from the top five wind equipment firms, but weak intellectual property rights constrain technology transfers and R&D capacity Sources: Published patent data from U.S., Japanese, European, and international patent application databases, annual reports, and Web sites of Vestas, General Electric, Gamesa, Enercon, and Suzlon (accessed on March 4, 2009); Dedigama Note: A countrys IPR score reflects its ranking according to an IPR index based on the strength of its intellectual property protection policies and their enforcement. World Development Report 2010

M7.1 Advances in wind mapping open up new opportunities World Development Report 2010 Source: Data provided by 3 Tier Inc. Note: This is a 5-kilometer resolution map of average annual wind speed, with the average measured at a height of 80 meters (the height of some windmills), across the worlds landmass.

BoxF7.5 Carbon capture and storage technology requires massive additional efforts World Development Report 2010 Note: Observed data for For all other years, projections based on needs in order to limit greenhouse gas concentrations to 550 ppm.

BoxF7.10 A woman cooks with her Envirofit G-3300 cookstove World Development Report 2010 Photo credit: Envirofit India.