Starter Quiz 1. How many people died of plague in 1665 in London? TASK: Please write down the title, and 1-9 in your margin on a new sheet of paper. 1. How many people died of plague in 1665 in London? 2. Having what disease stopped you getting smallpox? 3. What was the Enabling Act? 4. When was the smallpox vaccine made free to all infants? 5. What did plague doctors have in there nose cone? 6. What happened to Jenner in 1807? 7. Why did the Reichstag Fire help the Nazis? 8. What was the Night of the Long Knives? 9. What was painted on plague victims doors? Last lesson = 1 pt Last week = 2 pt Last term = 3 pt

Last lesson = 1 pt Last week = 2 pt Last term = 3 pt 1. 100,000 2. Cowpox 3. A law that allowed Hitler to make new laws without consulting the Reichstag (parliament) 4. 1840 5. Sweet-smelling herbs 6. He was given £20,000 by the government to continue his work and the Royal College of Physicians confirmed the effectiveness of his vaccine 7. It gave them an excuse to crush all opposition especially Communists 8. In June 1934 the SS killed the leaders of the SA and 400 other possible opponents of Hitler 9. A red cross

Medicine Lesson 8: A revolution in medicine- Germ theory Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people. Key Words:

Context: Nineteenth Century Britain The population grew really quickly- 1801 16.3 million people, 1901 41.6 million people. Britain became an industrial nation with people living in towns and working in factories. British towns became over crowded, polluted, unhealthy places to live. People argued as to whether government should interfere to make the lives of the poor in society better. Technology saw massive advances in transport and communication. In 1899 when the Boer War broke out 90% of volunteers were found to be unfit to serve in the army. Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better:Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Germ Theory The 1880s and 1890s scientists started to argue: Firstly that micro-organisms (germs) were responsible for disease Secondly these micro-organisms could be identified Finally that they could be targeted with a vaccine or ‘magic bullet’. The discovery of this played a really important role in advancing medicine and the treatment of diseases that had been killing thousands of people. Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Germ Theory Explain the role played in developing medicine by: Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Paul Ehrlich Other developments in medicine included technological ones: The Stethoscope (invented 1816, widely used from 1850) Thermometers, more powerful microscopes and the first X-ray machine invented in 1895. How would these technological advances help medicine? Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Impact: Infant Morality In 1899 142 per 1000 babies born died before they were one. (this is really high- recent figures for the UK 3.6 per 1000 babies) In cities the number was higher e.g. 250 per 1000 in York in 1899 What does this suggest about the impact of medical improvements in the nineteenth century? Other factors: Many people could not afford doctors (and so used old fashioned treatments), many children were neglected as both parents needed to work and left them with other children or old people to look after them, bad housing/ living conditions, poor diets with little fresh food (people mainly ate bread with a little bit of meat), cities were overcrowded with large families sharing a single room. Put the above factors in order of importance in explaining infant mortality. Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Florence Nightingale and Hospitals The development of the germ theory would have a big impact on hospitals and healthcare going forward, but even before its acceptance hospitals started to improve. Many new hospitals were built, including 36 specialists hospitals in London. Some hospitals were built by employers for their workers and others through people paying a subscription. Hospitals became more orderly and cleaner places. Florence Nightingale is one figure associated with this improvement. Read p57 Was Florence Nightingale significant? Produce arguments for and against Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Everyday medical treatments Technology helped the development of medicines- sugar coated pills and gelatin capsules that allowed drugs to be given in accurate doses. Common medicines included opium powders and laudanum (90% alcohol, 10% opium and flavoured to give it a pleasant taste- often given to children to calm them down or help them sleep) Medicines such as Aspirin also emerged in 1890. Boots the Chemists was started as did Beecham’s Powders There were no controls on what you could/couldn’t put in medicine. Ingredients in some included alcohol, cocaine, opium, arsenic, mercury. Whilst others such as aspirin were effective. Complete the Think Questions on Page 58: 2/g equals 8 pennies Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people. Look at the Topic summary on P58 For each of the bullet points explain whether these led to an improvement in health or not. Challenge: How much had health improved in Britain? Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people.

Medicine Lesson 8: A revolution in medicine- Germ theory Good learning: Understand what Germ theory was and why it was important. Great learning: Explain how medical treatments changed in the nineteenth century Even better: Evaluate whether the changes introduced dramatically improved the health of the British people. Key Words: