Chapter 1 First Peoples, First Farmers: Most of Human History in a Single Chapter

I. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations A. Into Eurasia 1. Migrations: 45,000–20,000 years ago 2. New hunting tools 3. Cave paintings 4. Venus figurines B. Into Australia 1. Migrations by boats as early as 60,000 years ago 2. Dreamtime

Early Human Migration Around the World Video

C. Into the Americas 1. Bering Strait migrations: 30,000–15,000 years ago 2. Clovis culture 3. Large animal extinctions 4. Diversification of lifestyles D. Into the Pacific 1. Waterborne migrations 3,500–1,000 years ago 2. Intentional colonization of new lands 3. Human environmental impacts

II. The Ways We Were A. The First Human Societies 1. Small populations with low density 2. Egalitarian societies 3. Widespread violence B. Economy and the Environment 1. The “original affluent society?” 2. Altering the environment C. The realm of the Spirit 1. Ceremonial space 2. Cyclical view of time

Gobekli Tepe D. Settling Down: The Great Transition 1. New tools and collecting wild grains 2. Climate change and permanent communities 3. Göbekli Tepe: “The First Temple” 4. Settlements make greater demands on environment Gobekli Tepe

III. Breakthrough to Agriculture A. Common Patterns 1. Separate, independent, and almost simultaneous 2. Climate change 3. Gender patterns 4. A response to population growth B. Variations 1. Local plants and animals determined path to agriculture 2. Fertile Crescent first with a quick, 500-year transition 3. Multiple sites in Africa 4. Potatoes and maize but few animals in the Americas

IV. The Globalization of Agriculture A. Triumph and Resistance 1. Diffusion and migration 2. Resistance 3. End of old ways of life B. The Culture of Agriculture 1. Dramatic population increase 2. Increased human impact on the environment 3. Negative health impacts 4. Technological innovations 5. Alcohol!

V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture A. Pastoral Societies 1. Environmental factors 2. Milk, meat, and blood 3. Mobility 4. Conflict with settled communities B. Agriculture Village Societies 1. Social equality 2. Gender equity 3. Kinship ties and role of elders

Cahokia (modern St. Louis, Missouri) C. Chiefdoms 1. Not force but gifts, rituals, and charisma 2. Religious and secular authority 3. Collection and redistribution of tribute Cahokia (modern St. Louis, Missouri)

Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the peopling of the earth Learning Objectives 1.1 I ENV 1- Explain how early humans used tools and technologies to establish communities

Learning Objectives 1.1 I ENV 4 - Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements.

Learning Objectives 1.1 I ENV 6 – Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time

Learning Objectives 1.1 I CUL 6 - Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge.

Learning Objectives 1.1 I ECON 1 – Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture.

Learning Objectives 1.1 I ECON 10 – Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies.

Key Concept 1.2. The Neolithic revolution and early agricultural societies Key Concept 1.2.I ENV – 2 Explain and compare how hunter- forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environment

Learning Objectives 1.2.I ENV 5 – Explain how human migrations affected the environment

Learning Objectives 1.2.I SB 6 Assess (evaluate/judge) the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies.

Learning Objectives 1. 2. II II Learning Objectives 1.2.II II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to change human societies. SB 1 – Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II SB 8 – Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II SB 9 - Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II ECON 5 – Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II ECON 12 - Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II SOC 1 - Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy.

Learning Objectives 1.2.II SOC 2 Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies.