The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power Chapter 10 The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

Timeline

The Emergence & Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300 Kings Theory Practice Expansion of royal power in the High Middle Ages

England in the High Middle Ages William of Normandy (1066 – 1087) Battle of Hastings (1066) Fusion of Normans and Anglo-Saxons Involvement in France Henry II (1154 – 1189) Plantagenet dynasty Royal courts Common law The church Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury) King John (1199 – 1216) Magna Carta Edward I (1272 – 1307) Parliament

The Growth of the French Kingdom The Capetian Dynasty Little real power Royal domain limited to the Île de France Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223) War against the English French bureaucracy Louis IX (1226 – 1270) “Saint Louis” Justice Participates in Crusades Philip IV the Fair (1285 – 1314) Royal administration Council for advice Chamber of Accounts (finances) Parlement (royal court) Estates-General (French parliament)

Map 10.1: England and France in the High Middle Ages

Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms Cordova Reconquista (1000 – 1492) Castile Navarre Aragón Portugal Repartimiento Fueros Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)

Map 10.2: Christian Reconquests in the Western Mediterranean

The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy Salian Kings German Nobility Involvement in Italy The Norman kingdom in southern Italy Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190) Attempts to conquer northern Italy Pope and Italian cities oppose him Battle of Legnano (1176) Frederick II (1212 – 1250) King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor Preoccupied with Italy Germany left in confusion and chaos Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273) Emergence of Italian City-States

Map 10.3: The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the Twelfth Century

New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe Scandinavia Hungary Poland Germans and Slavs Teutonic Knights

Teutonic Knight Castle at Marienburg

Medieval Mongols & Russians The Mongol Empire Temuchin – Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227) Khubilai Khan Advances against the Muslim world Advances against Europe The Development of Russia Kiev – Rus The church Mongol invasion Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220 – 1263) Moscow

Map 10.4: Northern and Eastern Europe

The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church The Problems of Decline Worldly bishops and abbots Monastic decline The Cluniac Reform Movement Cluny founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910) Reform movement spreads Reform of the Papacy Lay investiture Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085) Investiture Controversy Concordat of Worms (1122)

Christianity and Medieval Civilization Growth of the Papal Monarchy Administrative structure Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) Philip Augustus of France Interdict of England

New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals The Cistercian Order Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153) Women Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179) Mystical visions The Franciscans Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226) The Dominicans Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221)

Saint Bernard

A Group of Nuns

Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages Sacraments Saints The Virgin Mary Relics

Map 10.6: Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages

Voices of Protest and Intolerance Heresy Catharism Dualist System Catholic Church was evil according to their views Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209) The Holy Office (Papal Inquisition) Persecution of the Jews The Crusades Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Expulsion Intolerance and Homosexuality Associated with other minority groups Thomas Aquinas and the “sin against nature” Punishment

The Crusades Background to the Crusades Islam and the Seljuk Turks Change and disintegration in the Muslim world Seljuk Turks Nomadic people from Central Asia Capture of Baghdad (1055) Battle of Manzikert (1071) The Byzantine Empire Divisions between the Catholic and Orthodox Church Schism (1054) Alexius I Comnenus (1081 – 1118)

The Early Crusades Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099) Crusading Fervor Council of Clermont (1095) Crusading Fervor “Armed pilgrimages” First Crusade (1096 – 1099) Captures Antioch (1098) Captures Jerusalem (1099)

Map 10.7: The Early Crusades

The Early Crusades, Continued Crusader States Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem Muslims strike back Fall of Edessa (1144) Second Crusade Total failure Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) Reaction to the fall of Jerusalem Saladin Led by Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lionhearted of England and Philip Augustus of France

Crusades of the 13th Century The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204) Sack of Constantinople Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261) Children’s Crusade (1212) Sixth Crusade (1228)

Effects of the Crusades Little impact on the Muslim world Impact on European society Cultural interaction Many young warriors removed from Europe Italian cities benefited economically Attacks on Jews

Richard the Lionhearted Executing Muslims at Acre

Discussion Questions How was royal power strengthened in France and England beginning in the Eleventh Century? What forces pulled apart the Holy Roman Empire between the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries? How was the history of Russia linked to the invasions of the Mongols? What role did Cluny play in reforming the Church and the papacy? What was the function of the pope in Medieval Europe? What fed the climate of intolerance in Europe after the Twelfth Century? What were the causes of the Crusades? Were the Crusades a success or a failure?

Web Links Kings and Queens of England Paris at the Time of Philip Augustus The Royal Abbey of Fontevraud The Mongols in World History NetSerf – Religious Orders The Crusades – A Virtual Course The Medieval Crusades The Virtual Pilgrim