Turmoil in the Republic Common people lose their land to large estates belonging to the Patricians Patricians were buying up land from people who couldn’t pay taxes on it – increasing homelessness Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor by introducing reforms Wanted to reduce taxes, give more rights/opportunities to the plebeians Tiberius and Gaius are murdered for their efforts/popularity Military leaders create private armies – recruited from the poor – provided food, clothing, etc. Generals started recruiting soldiers from the poor Generals provide food, clothing, etc. for their soldiers Soldiers are loyal to generals, not the republic

Julius Caesar Takes Control Military leaders pit their armies against each other – cause civil war to break out for control of Rome Military generals Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey Magnus combine and take power in Rome They form the First Triumvirate – Rule by group of three Ceasar was famous for leading legions into Gaul (Modern Day France) and conquering it – thought to be impossible He won even more respect because he fought with his men Crassus was a wealthy Roman and Pompey was a popular general – Caesar’s allies All three were interested in using their power to rule Rome These three will rule Rome together for 10 years – could be considered an oligarchy

Julius Caesar

First Triumvirate

Julius Takes Control (Cont.) First Triumvirate falls apart after 10 years, however Crassus dies in Parthia during battle against Rome’s enemies Crassus and Caesar had been longtime allies; Crassus didn’t like Pompey Without Crassus, there wasn’t a buffer between Pompey and Caesar Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and popularity and led his legions against Caesar’s forces Caesar defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

Caesar’s Reforms Caesar is popular due to his reforms: Wider citizenship Construction projects (for poor people) Put limits on borrowing money Started colonies where people without land could own property Increased pay for soldiers Group of Senators opposes Caesar; kill him on March 15, 44 B.C. Senators feared Caesar’s popularity with the common people; they thought he would take all power from the Senate

Beginning of the Empire 43 B.C. - Caesar’s supporters become the Second Triumvirate Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Mark Antony Lepidus They Originally banded together to destroy Caesar’s assassins – many Senators from the Roman Senate Goal – Take power away from Senators again like Ceasar did

Second Triumvirate

Beginning of the Empire (Cont.) Alliance ends in jealousy and violence Octavian defeated/exiled Lepidus from Rome Lepidus had connections with Senators – Octavian wouldn’t take chances Mark Antony met and fell in love with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra (famous lovers in History) and followed her to Egypt Octavian accused Mark Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt 31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Mark Antony in Actium - Mark Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian takes on title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome – becomes emperor

Augustus Caesar

Pax Romana – Period of 200 years of peace/prosperity in Rome The Pax Romana Rome moves from a republic to an empire Emperor now has the most power in Rome – power of the Senate has decreased Senate can administer laws for Roman citizens but Emperor has ultimate power Power lies with single ruler - emperor Pax Romana – Period of 200 years of peace/prosperity in Rome Pax Romana begins with Augustus’ reforms Known as Rome’s “Golden Age”

A Sound Government Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings Augustus creates a lasting government: Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings Employed plebeians to manage govt. offices, collect taxes, manage food stores, etc. He wanted plebeians to work in government offices rather Senators/upper class – didn’t want them in charge of govt. Sets up a civil service to administer the empire

Daily Life Slavery is a significant part of Roman life Slaves work in construction projects in cities and perform hard labor on farms Roman Religion - worship guardian spirits, gods, and Roman emperor Roman Emperor is believed to have descended/been ordained by Jupiter, king of the gods, to rule Rome 150 holidays and Colosseum events created to control the masses Keep them happy/occupied “Are you not entertained?” (Gladiator)

Lares Familiares – Family Guardian Spirits Roman Region Roman Gods Lares Familiares – Family Guardian Spirits Roman Emperors

Greek Contributions DBQ Can work in pairs to fill out HIPPO Organizer for Greek Contributions DBQ docs Will have twenty minutes to work in pairs to fill out HIPPO Students will then return to their desks to start writing the rough draft of DBQ Use the essay builder outlines (Intro, Synthesis, Body Paragraph) for reference to creating the rough draft