Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Chapter 16

Key Concepts Major geologic processes Earthquakes and volcanoes Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Finding and extracting mineral resources Non-renewable mineral resources

Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Fig. 4-7, p. 60

Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle Fig. 16-2 p. 333

Ring of Fire

Prince William Sound, AK 1964 Earthquake

Plate Tectonics Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Subduction zone Transform fault Various animations- search plate tectonics

INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE Reykjanes Ridge EURASIAN PLATE EURASIAN PLATE Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge ANATOLIAN PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE Transform fault PHILIPPINE PLATE ARABIAN PLATE PACIFIC PLATE COCOS PLATE AFRICAN PLATE Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge Transform fault SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE Carlsberg Ridge East Pacific Rise SOMALIAN SUBPLATE INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge Transform fault Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge ANTARCTIC PLATE Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries Divergent ( ) and transform fault ( ) boundaries Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries

External Earth Processes Erosion Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Chemical weathering Biological weathering

Natural Hazards: Earthquakes Features Magnitude- Richter Scale 1-10 Aftershocks Primary effects Secondary effects Fig. 16-6 p. 337

Expected Earthquake Damage Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage Fig. 16-7 p. 337

Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling Partially molten asthenosphere Fig. 16-8 p. 338

Minerals and Rocks A mineral is a solid formation that occurs naturally in the earth; unique chemical composition and is necessarily defined by its crystalline structure and shape. A rock is a solid combination of more than one mineral formations which is also occurring naturally. A rock can be composed of several minerals it is classified according to the process of its formation; can also contain organic remains. Minerals (diamonds, quartz) Rock Types - Igneous (granite, basalt) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate)

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Igneous Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Deposition Transport Erosion Rock Cycle Heat, Pressure Weathering Heat, Pressure Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Rock Cycle Animation

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Metallic Non-metallic Energy resources- coal Ores- type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals.

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories Fig. 16-10 p. 340 Identified Undiscovered Reserves Other

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Satellite and air imagery Radiation detectors Magnetometers Gravity differences Seismic surveys Chemical analyses

Open-pit (surface mining) Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Open-pit (surface mining)

Dredging (surface mining)

Area strip (surface mining)

Contour strip (surface mining)

Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)

Coal mining video (5 mins.) Ventilation shaft Main shaft Lift cage Shaft Coal seams Pumps Underground Coal Mine Coal mining video (5 mins.)

Longwall (subsurface mining)

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act Established 1977, mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions- replanting trees, adding back in soil nutrients, etc. Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites Limited success

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Disruption of land surface Erosion of solid mining waste Subsidence: underground mining cause cracks on surface and lowering of land Acid mine drainage- water with high concentrations of sulfuric acid and heavy metals Air pollution- mainly due to the emission of particulate matter, gases including methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Also, use of explosives releases carbon monoxide (CO) Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig. 16-14 p. 344

More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Room and pillar Spoil Longwall Open-pit Dredging Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342 Strip mining

Processing Mineral Resources Ore mineral - A mineral from which a valuable material, usually a metal, is extracted. Gangue- commercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit. Tailings – crushed rock and waste left behind after mineral has been extracted. Smelting - process of separating the metal from impurities by heating the concentrate to a high temperature to cause the metal to melt or remove impurities and produce a higher-grade metal.

Scattered in environment Smelting Separation of ore from gangue Melting metal Metal ore Conversion to product Recycling Discarding of product Surface mining Scattered in environment

Supplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion Depletion time Foreign sources Environmental concerns Economics New technologies Mining the ocean Fig. 16-16 p. 346 Finding substitutes

Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposit Magma Tube worms White crab White clam