Figure 2 Systemic abnormalities in AD

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Figure 2 Systemic abnormalities in AD Figure 2 | Systemic abnormalities in AD. Various systemic abnormalities have been found in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Red boxes highlight AD risk variants in genes related to innate immunity, phagocytosis of amyoid-β (Aβ) by immune cells, and lipid metabolism in periphery and brain, respectively, which were identified in genome-wide association studies and candidate-gene studies of sporadic AD. APP, amyloid precursor protein; BA, basilar artery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTICA, left terminal internal carotid artery; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PI, pulsatility index; RBC, red blood cells; RI, resistance index; RTICA, right terminal internal carotid artery; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Wang, J. et al. (2017) A systemic view of Alzheimer disease — insights from amyloid‑β metabolism beyond the brain Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.111