Digestive System: Outcome: I can describe different clinical diseases that relate to the digestive system. Drill: What are the three segments of the small intestine (in order from superior to inferior)?

Teeth Dental diseases Gingivitis Inflammation of the gingivae Stimulation from brushing and massaging gums can strengthen those epithelial attachments Severe cases usually caused by bacterial infection Can progress to erosion of gums, root damage, and tooth loss © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Teeth Dental diseases (continued) Tooth decay Generally results from action of bacteria (normally found in the mouth) Bacteria adhere to tooth surfaces and trap food particles Produce deposits called dental plaque © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Periodontal disease Figure 22.23 Periodontal disease © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Salivary glands Mumps Infection of the salivary glands caused by the mumps virus Most often affects the parotid salivary gland Can also affect other organs such as the gonads and the meninges Typically occurs at 5–9 years of age Effective vaccine available, usually as part of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine Given to infants after age 15 months © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mumps in parotid gland Figure 22.23 Mumps in parotid gland © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Esophagus Gastroesophageal reflux Backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus Results in symptoms commonly called heartburn © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Liver Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) Can be caused by alcohol abuse, drugs, or infection Cirrhosis Hepatitis characterized by degeneration of liver cells and replacement with scar tissue Viral hepatitis A, B, and C Virus destroys liver cells Causes inflamed, tender liver and high fever Jaundice Buildup of bilirubin causes yellowing of skin and eyes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Liver Hepatitis A: spread through primarily through food or water contaminated by feces from an infected person. Rarely, it spreads through contact with infected blood. Easily treated. Hepatitis B: spread through contact with infected blood, through sex with an infected person, and from mother to child during childbirth. Hepatitis C: spread primarily through contact with infected blood (needles and blood transfusions). Less commonly, it can spread through sexual contact and childbirth. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Falciform ligament Cirrhosis of the liver Figure 22.23 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

Gallstones Gallstones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Gallbladder (continued) Cholecystitis (chole, bile + kystis, bladder + itis, inflammation) Irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall caused by gallstones too large to pass Gallstones may block cystic duct or common bile duct Potential treatment involves surgical removal of the gallbladder © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Stomach Gastritis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach From ingesting drugs (e.g., aspirin, alcohol), severe stress, bacterial infection, ingestion of strong chemicals © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Stomach (continued) Peptic ulcer Forms when gastric enzymes and acids erode through the stomach or duodenal lining Gastric ulcer is a peptic ulcer in the stomach wall Duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer in the duodenum wall Bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori responsible for over 80 percent of peptic ulcers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gastric ulcer Figure 22.23 Gastric ulcer © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Pancreas Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas Can be due to duct blockage, viral infection, or toxic drugs (including alcohol) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acute pancreatitis Figure 22.23 Acute pancreatitis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Small intestine Enteritis/Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the intestine (usually referring to the small intestine) Causes watery bowel movements (diarrhea) One cause is infection by Giardia lamblia Dysentery Inflammation of small and large intestine producing diarrhea containing blood and mucus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Giardia lamblia Figure 22.23 Enteritis causes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Large intestine Colitis Inflammation of the colon Often with diarrhea or constipation Diarrhea from too much fluid or from compromised absorption capabilities Constipation Infrequent bowel movement, usually with dry, hard feces Results from excess water reabsorption due to slow-moving feces © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System Large intestine (continued) Colorectal cancer Aside from skin cancers, third most common cancer in the U.S. Most common in those over age 50 Risk factors include diet rich in animal fat and low in fiber Inherited disorders may also promote the formation of epithelial tumors Begin as small, localized tumors (polyps) Greatly improved prognosis if polyps are removed before metastasis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Colon polyp seen on colonoscopy Figure 22.23 Colon polyps © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.23

-Complete Digestive System Disorders Research © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the main differences among Hepatitis A, B, and C? Digestive System: Exit Ticket: What is the main differences among Hepatitis A, B, and C?