Interactive Notebook Setup 1/31/2017 Spanish Colonial Labor This one page

Interactive Notebook Setup 2/5/2018 New World Colonies This will be one page

Portuguese Colonies Spanish Colonies British North America

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 Treaty split the world in half for Portugal and Spain

European Empires

Social Order of Portuguese/Spanish Colonies

Portuguese Colonies (16th-19th Century) The highest social class was the peninsulares Peninsulares=Iberians settled in New World The peninsulares held viceroy and bureaucratic positions

Peninsulares

Portuguese Colonies The second highest social class was the creoles Creoles=descendants of Europeans born in the New World The creoles were the landowners and business owners of the New World There was often great tension between the peninsulares and the creoles

Portuguese Colonies Considerable amount of racial mixing also took place in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Brazil Ex: By 1790 = 93% of the population of Haiti was either partially or wholly of African descent Ex: Mulattoes = became a major group in Brazil Product of Portuguese- African unions

Spanish, British, French, and Dutch Portuguese Colonies Location Controlled By Brazil Portugal Caribbean Spanish, British, French, and Dutch Sugar introduced and grown as a cash crop Uses for sugar in Europe: A Medicine A Spice A Sweetener A Preservative In sculptured forms as a decoration  indicated high status and wealth

Portuguese Colonies Involved growing the sugarcane AND processing it into usable sugar Very labor-intensive Most profitable if done on a large-scale Massive use of slave labor  imported Africans Native population had been wiped out

Portuguese Colonies Worked under horrendous conditions These conditions + diseases = very high death rate for enslaved peoples About 5-10% of slave population died per year Required the continuous importation of fresh slaves from Africa

Spanish Colonies(16th-19th Century) Economic foundations for these colonial societies: Commercial agriculture on large rural estates Silver and gold mining Both used natives used as forced labor

Spanish Colonies The population was split into two primary groups República de Espanoles Penisulares, Creoles, Mestizos República de Indios Indigenous population

Spanish Colonies The separation was initially made to protect indigenous people from being enslaved by the Spanish Ruled by their own elites RDI Enjoyed their own separate system of courts and laws

Spanish Colonies Used multiple methods to get free labor for the colonial government: Adapted the mit’a system Labor draft called repartimiento Most importantly for SILVER mines

Spanish Colonies Mestizos=children of Europeans and Native peoples Largely Hispanic in culture Many looked down upon by “pure” Spaniards Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of workers, and lower-level officials in church and government organizations

British North America (17th-18th Century) Plantations existed in the southern colonies Major crops were tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo Painting of a Tobacco Plantation in Colonial Virginia

British North America Agricultural economies run by small-scale independent farmers working their own land No slaves needed; though sometimes present occasionally in the households of the wealthy

British North America Somewhat less harsh than in the sugar colonies Slave population was able to sustain itself and reproduce No need to constantly import fresh slaves, like in the sugar colonies By the time of the Civil War = almost all North American slaves had been born in the Americas

British North America Racial mixing was uncommon European women had migrated to North America along with men, unlike in Central and South America Lead to an evolution of sharply defined racial system Offspring of mixed-race unions = viewed as illegitimate Any African ancestry made a person “black,” not some other mixed-race category

Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving British North America Controlled mainly by the British British settlers sought to escape aspects of the old European society Didn’t blend with indigenous peoples, not to recreate it like the Portuguese and Spanish Wanted religious freedom Wanted opportunities for wealth Called settler colonialism Colonial Pilgrims on Thanksgiving

British North America Established traditions of local self-government In Britain = King and parliament involved in a long power struggle So they paid little attention to the internal affairs of the colonies Colonies set up their own assemblies

European Incentives for Colonization The main purpose of colonies were to enrich the mother countries Colonies were created to: Create raw materials Find and produce precious materials Create new trading opportunities for the mother country

MERCANTILSM DEFINITIONS A trade theory which holds that a government can improve the economic well-being of the country by encouraging exports and restricting imports to accumulate wealth in the form of precious metals National policy of accumulating wealth, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade. The setting of trade policies and other restrictions that favored the flow of wealth - especially gold and silver - from the colonies to the mother country

Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials Statement # 1 Biggest goal of the colonies is the production of Raw Materials

Statement # 2 Individuals are free to produce whatever they want and sell to whomever they want

Individuals are free to buy products from any country Statement # 3 Individuals are free to buy products from any country

Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods Statement # 4 Discourages Colonies from producing manufactured goods

Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential Statement # 5 Creating a favorable balance of trade is important, but not essential

Statement # 6 Government doesn't control the economy but does regulate to make sure everyone participates fairly

Statement # 7 Goal is for the mother country to stockpile gold, silver, and raw materials