Chapter 13- Urbanization Origins First appeared at least 5,000 years ago Mostly focus on Fertile Crescent First cities primarily religious other functions - tool making, economic base, safety/security Only developed because of efficient agriculture system producing surplus food

Modern World Cities London, New York, Tokyo A high percentage of world’s business is transacted and political power is concentrated in these cities. Headquarters of large businesses Media control centers Access to political power London, New York, Tokyo Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Sao Paulo, and Singapore

Rank-Size Rule Rank-Size Rule: n th-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

Rank-Size Rule New York, New York (pop 8,213,839) 2. Los Angeles, California (pop 3,794,640) 3. Chicago, Illinois (pop 2,824,584) 4. Houston, Texas (pop 2,076,189) 5. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (pop 1,517,628) 6. Phoenix, Arizona (pop 1,476,331) 7. San Diego, California (pop 1,284,347) 8. San Antonio, Texas (pop 1,258,733) 9. Dallas, Texas (pop 1,246,185) Detroit, Michigan (pop 921,147)

Primate City Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city. These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country.

Megacities A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people. A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. As of 2015, there are 36 megacities in existence.

Megalopolis Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions and broader urban agglomerations. To define urbanized areas, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated MSA (CMSA) if two of them overlap.

The BosWash Megalopolis The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

US Megalopolitan Areas

Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous 1. Tokyo 28.7 million 2. Bombay 27.4 million 3. Lagos 24.4 million 4. Shanghai 23.4 million 5. Jakarta 21.2 million 6. São Paulo 20.8 million 7. Karachi 20.6 million 8. Beijing 19.4 million 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh 19.0 million 10. México 18.8 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that only one of these cities is in the Core of the more developed world!

Forward Capital A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be Brasília

Central Place Theory Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements. The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany. Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant. By examining these he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes.

Central Place Theory Assumptions – A flat surface An evenly distributed population Evenly distributed resources Similar purchasing power of all consumers Transportation costs equal in all directions Perfect competition

Central Place Theory The theory consists of two basic concepts Threshold - the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services Range of good or services - the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services

Concentric zone model- created in 1923 by E. W Concentric zone model- created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess, it shows the city as growing outward in concentric rings. Though the ring size may vary betwixt cities, the same order is always evident: CBD; zone of transition (industry and slums); working class zone; middle-class family zone; commuter zone. This model displays that wealth is what designs the city, as one moves out from the CBD, the residences in each zone are progressively nicer, and the people are progressively richer.

Concentric Zone Model Figure 13-4

Sector model- created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt, it is essentially a modification of the concentric zone model. Rather than rings however, this model uses sectors that lead out from the CBD generally in a radial pattern, with transportation and industry sector running alongside the CBD. As in the concentric zone model, wealth increases as one moves out from the CBD. This model is especially helpful in showing the clustering of ethnicities along certain sectors.

Home Ownership Patterns as an Example of the Concentric Zone Model

Sector Model Figure 13-5

Household Income Patterns as an Example of the Sector Model

Multiple nuclei model- created in 1945 by C. D. Harris and E. L Multiple nuclei model- created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman, it says that the pattern of urban development is that there is no pattern and a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

Multiple Nuclei Model Figure 13-6

Racial Patterns as an Example of the Multiple Nuclei Model

Geographic application of the models Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities Census tracts Social area analysis Criticism of the models Models may be too simple Models may be outdated

Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization Developed Countries: suburbanization wealthy move to suburbs automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’ better services Counterurbanization (exurbanization) idyllic settings cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Bid Rent Theory--how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the center of the city. This is based upon the idea that businesses wish to maximize their profit, so they are much more willing to pay more for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. Accessibility equals profitability