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INTERNATIONAL TRADE: MING CHINA & THE INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK Learning Goal 3: Describe characteristics of global trade after the European discovery of the western hemisphere and explain the role Ming China played in global trade.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO KNOW Eunuch castrated male servants in the Ming dynasty bureaucracy Tribute gifts offered to show respect and admiration Colonialism Act of one country taking control of another country or region Ex: USA = colony of Britain in the 1600-1700s,

MING DYNASTY China: 1368 – 1644 Peasant revolt and uprising drove out the Mongols Ming Dynasty founded by Hong Wu, peasant soldier and Buddhist monk Reestablished Chinese rule and make sure no foreign rule would ever happen again

EMPEROR HONG WU MING GOVERNMENT Buddhist Monk Brought stability to China Rebuilt the infrastructure Bridges Canals Roads Temples Reinstated the civil service exams Centralized government and put eunuchs in charge Neo-Confucianism, as well as influences from Daoism & Buddhism

FORBIDDEN CITY Palace complex for the emperor, relatives, and privileged officials Located in Beijing Surrounded by 40-foot high walls and a moat Highest-ranking civil servants and officials lived in the city Emperor’s palace in very center Trailer Today it is a museum. Was home to 24 emperors.

Zheng He: Chinese Explorer Helped defeat the Mongols (Yuan dynasty) Explored the Indian Ocean & East Africa Brought soldiers & large quantities of goods to trade Each voyage included a fleet of 40-62 ships & often 27,000+ people! His voyages happened approx. 85 years earlier than Columbus and 116 earlier than Magellan After Zheng He’s death, China didn’t see the value in further exploration & stopped Much of Asia began a policy of isolationism in which they isolate or withdraw from interacting with other nations Muslim born just outside the borders. Unprecedented period of trade in China.

DECLINE OF THE MING DYNASTY China stopped trading with foreigners No foreign trade = no market for Chinese goods No market = no money for producers No money = widespread poverty Political corruption Emperors would waste money on lavish parties Heavy taxes = Peasants get mad! Famine = Peasants starve Epidemic = large-scale death Politically Weak = military weak = invaded by the Manchus The last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City to avoid facing defeat.

BUT BEFORE THE MING DYNASTY COLLAPSED…

How many miles do you think the combined parts of an iPhone travel before you buy it? The parts that make up the home button travel 12,000 miles. The answer? Nearly 500,000 miles (approx. twice the distance to the moon) Source: https://www.wired.com/2016/04/iphones-500000-mile-journey-pocket/

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK Silk Road = continued to be used for trading by land Indian Ocean = trade via ship Primary trading nations: Portugal Netherlands (the Dutch) China (until the Ming collapsed) Spain East Africa Islamic Empire (what remained of it after the Mongols) Philippines Great Britain Japan

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK: WHO WANTED WHAT? Europeans wanted spices from Asia Why? No refrigerators – need a way to preserve meat Spices allow meat to stay fresh longer Make things more delicious ☺ Allow time for responses, should come up with Asia – ask, so were the Europeans hopeless? NO! They trade for this stuff….

Indian Ocean Trade Network Remember, Ottomans (Muslims) controlled most of the land trade routes Europe wanted: Raw materials, spices, and Chinese luxury items: silk, gunpowder, porcelain, etc. China wanted SILVER! Imported as much silver as possible from Spain Individual European countries had their own specific goals…

Portugal: Trading Post Empire Military bases spread across the world from which they would trade: Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and China Lasted about a century Eventually assimilated into local societies in Asia and Africa Steep decline by 1600 – overextended and out-competed

Britain Great Britain focused on India Traded for pepper, spices, & cotton textiles Later India became a British colony Spain took over the Philippines Easy and bloodless Major missionary effort Remained part of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898!

EAST INDIAN COMPANIES Dutch & English formed private trading companies to trade with India Very successful 1600s-1800s Militarily and economically stronger than the Portuguese Both will begin to deal in bulk for a mass market Trading posts will eventually turn into a conventional form of colonization

NETHERLANDS (THE DUTCH) Focused in Indonesia Controlled small spice-producing islands Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve almost the entire population (15,000) and then replaced them with Dutch farmers and slave laborers Would sell nutmeg, mace, and cloves at 14 – 17 times the price they paid in Indonesia Profits soared, but local economy of the Spice Islands was shattered and people were left impoverished

JAPAN RUSSIA Used profits from silver to unify country developed a market-based economy Invested heavily in agriculture and industry Families took steps to have less children Outcome: flourishing, highly commercialized economy Laid foundation for the 19th century Industrial Revolution Fairly new to trading Major source of furs for Western Europe and Ottoman Empire Profits from furs allowed for rapid expansion Tax or tribute imposed on every male between 18 – 50 payable in furs

Mercantilism & Silver At this time, European countries pursued the policy of mercantilism: A nations’ wealth is measured in its gold & silver Chinese population was required to pay their taxes in silver China also wanted silver To afford silver, the Chinese had to sell their own goods Silver “went round the world and made the world go round” Chinese = favorable balance of trade with Europe as silk was still in high demand in Europe Bolivia, Japan, Spanish America, and the Philippines provided silver

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Exit Ticket: What are the advantages & disadvantages of international trade? Think of both today and the 1500s-1600s: Why do we buy cheap goods from China? Fancy shoes from Italy? Electronics from Japan? How does that help the US? How does it hurt the US? How does it help individuals? Hurt them? How would this help & hurt people/countries in the 16th & 17th centuries?