Atomic Theory Atoms are made up of smaller particles called subatomic particles.

THE MODERN VIEW OF THE ATOM It is composed of electrons, protons and neutrons ELECTRONS: Orbit the nucleus Charge of -1 Very low mass

THE MODERN VIEW OF THE ATOM It is composed of electrons, protons and neutrons Protons: In the nucleus Charge of +1 Much higher mass then electrons

THE MODERN VIEW OF THE ATOM It is composed of electrons, protons and neutrons Neutrons: In the nucleus Charge of 0 Almost identical mass as protons

THE MODERN VIEW OF THE ATOM The relative size of the nucleus and atom!

Atomic Theory # of PROTONS = # of ELECTRONS in an neutral atom

Nucleus – Nuclear Charge = charge on the nucleus = number of protons = ATOMIC NUMBER

BLM 2-4 to 2-10

The Periodic Table

Which letter(s) are missing in the periodic table?

The Chemical Elements

The Chemical Elements

GROUPS 1 – 18 OR

GROUPS 1 – 18 OR 1A – 8A + 1B – 8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B

Periods (1 – 7)

SOME GROUPS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

The ACTUAL THE PERIODIC TABLE

Where are the following? The Periodic Table INCREASING REACTIVITY Where are the following? Atomic number Period Group/Family Metals Non-metals Transition metals Metalloids Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble gases

Periodic Table and Ion Formation Atoms gain and lose electrons to form bonds. i.e. become positively or negatively charged

Atom or a group of atoms with net negative or positive charge IONS Atom or a group of atoms with net negative or positive charge

IONS Atom or a group of atoms with net negative or positive charge NEGATIVELY CHARGED ION = POSITIVELY CHARGED ION = CATION ANION

Metals

Metals Always form ions with a POSITIVE charge

Metals that have can lose electrons in more than one way Multivalent Metals Metals that have can lose electrons in more than one way

DO YOU KNOW WHICH ONES ARE THERE? Multivalent Metals DO YOU KNOW WHICH ONES ARE THERE? iron, cooper, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, lead, tin, titanium, germanium, platinum, thallium

Non - Metals Almost always form ions with a NEGATIVE charge

Non - Metals Hydrogen Almost always form ions with a NEGATIVE charge WHAT NON-METAL IS AN EXCEPTION? Hydrogen

BOHR DIAGRAMS Atoms have SHELLS of electrons around the nucleus There is a pattern to the arrangements of electrons in atoms Atoms have SHELLS of electrons around the nucleus

Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons BOHR DIAGRAMS Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons First shell: 2 electrons Second shell: 8 electrons Third shell: 8 electrons Fourth shell: 8 electrons

Diagram that shows how many electrons are in each shell BOHR DIAGRAMS Diagram that shows how many electrons are in each shell First shell: 2 electrons Second shell: 8 electrons Third shell: 8 electrons Fourth shell: 8 electrons

Patterns of Electron Arrangement in Groups If there are 8 electrons in a last shell = STABLE OCTET Which group has a STABLE OCTET in its outer most shell?

ATOMS WANT TO HAVE A STABLE OCTET!!!!!! ALL THE TIME!! If there are 8 electrons in a shell = STABLE OCTET All ATOMS want to be like NOBLE GASES!

Valence Shell = OUTERMOST SHELL

Electrons in the VALENCE SHELL are called VALENCE ELECTRONS

How many VALENCE ELECTRONS in GROUP 1?

How many VALENCE ELECTRONS in GROUP 2?

How many VALENCE ELECTRONS in GROUP 16?

What Do You Notice about # of Valence Electrons for Elements in the Same Group?

What Do You Notice about # of Energy Levels (occupied shells) for Elements in the Same Period?

What Element is this? 18 p 22 n argon

Show only an atom’s valence electrons and the chemical symbol. LEWIS DIAGRAMS Show only an atom’s valence electrons and the chemical symbol.

Show only an atom’s valence electrons and the chemical symbol. LEWIS DIAGRAMS Show only an atom’s valence electrons and the chemical symbol.

Rule # 1 Dots representing valence electrons are placed around the element symbols

Rule # 2 Electron dots are placed singly until the fifth electron is reached then they are paired.

MOLECULES and IONIC COMPOUNDS Atoms combine with different atoms to form compounds (thanks to electrons) Forces that hold atoms together are called CHEMICAL BONDS SHARING ELECTRONS DONATING ELECTRONS Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds

MOLECULES and IONIC COMPOUNDS Atoms combine with different atoms to form compounds (thanks to electrons) Forces that hold atoms together are called CHEMICAL BONDS MOLECULES IONIC COMPOUNDS Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds

MOLECULES and IONIC COMPOUNDS Atoms combine with different atoms to form compounds (thanks to electrons) These bonds arise when VALENCE ELECTRONS interact Each atom attempts to have as many of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas.

Metals want to lose electrons Each atom attempts to have as many of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas. Metals want to lose electrons

Non - Metals want to gain electrons Each atom attempts to have as many of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas. Non - Metals want to gain electrons

How many electrons does sodium, Na, want to have? Each atom attempts to have as many of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas. How many electrons does sodium, Na, want to have? 10 electrons

How many electrons does oxygen, O, want to have? Each atom attempts to have as many of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas. How many electrons does oxygen, O, want to have? 10 electrons

IONS Atom or a group of atoms with net negative or positive charge POSITIVELY CHARGED ION = NEGATIVELY CHARGED ION = CATION ANION

IONIC COMPOUNDS Formed by an attraction of positively charged ion and negatively charged ion Chemical formula NaCl

Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal to a non - metal IONIC COMPOUNDS Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal to a non - metal Chemical formula NaCl

Cations and Anions are attracted to each other  IONIC BONDING NaCl

Attraction between cations and anions IONIC COMPOUNDS Attraction between cations and anions

Attraction between cations and anions IONIC COMPOUNDS Attraction between cations and anions

Attraction between cations and anions IONIC COMPOUNDS Attraction between cations and anions

Draw the Bohr model diagram for KF IONIC COMPOUNDS Draw the Bohr model diagram for KF

MOLECULES and IONIC COMPOUNDS Atoms combine with different atoms to form compounds (thanks to electrons) Forces that hold atoms together are called CHEMICAL BONDS SHARING ELECTRONS DONATING ELECTRONS Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds

Valence Electrons are shared between atoms Covalent Bonds Valence Electrons are shared between atoms

Valence Electrons are shared between atoms Covalent Bonds Valence Electrons are shared between atoms + Hydrogen fluoride hydrogen fluorine electrons are shared

Lewis Diagrams of IONS and IONIC BONDS For positive ions, one electron dot is removed from the valence shell for each positive charge. For negative ions, one electron dot is added to each valence shell for each negative charge. Square brackets are placed around each ion to indicate transfer of electrons.

Lewis Diagrams of IONS and IONIC BONDS For positive ions, one electron dot is removed from the valence shell for each positive charge. For negative ions, one electron dot is added to each valence shell for each negative charge. Square brackets are placed around each ion to indicate transfer of electrons. – 2+ – • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cl Be Cl Be Cl Cl Be Cl Each beryllium has two electrons to transfer away, and each chlorine can receive one more electron. Since Be2+ can donate two electrons and each Cl– can accept only one electron, two Cl– ions are necessary. beryllium chloride

Draw the Lewis model diagram for IONIC COMPOUNDS Draw the Lewis model diagram for K and F Ca and Cl

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Like Bohr diagrams, valence electrons are drawn to show sharing of electrons. The shared pairs of electrons are usually drawn as a straight lineare placed around each ion to indicate transfer of electrons.

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS LONE pair of electrons BONDING pair of electrons

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Draw Lewis diagram for H and O N and H C and H How many BONDING PAIRS for…? How many LONE PAIRS for…?

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Draw Lewis diagram for H and O N and H C and H

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Diatomic molecules, like O2, F2 or N2 are also easy to draw as Lewis diagrams. Valence electrons are shared Several non-metals join to form diatomic molecules.

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Draw LEWIS STRUCTURE of O2 O O O O O O DOUBLE BOND

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Draw LEWIS STRUCTURE of N2 N N N N N N TRIPLE BOND

Lewis Diagrams of COVALENT BONDS Draw LEWIS STRUCTURE of CO2 C O O O C O O C O