Diagnostic Imaging Modalities CAT/CT MRI PET Ultrasound X-rays Radiography Modern medicine makes it possible to see inside the body without cutting it open. A photograph or digital image obtained by passing electromagnetic radiation through the body’s internal structures and creating images from the different degrees to which the radiation is absorbed. Differentiate between the types of diagnostic imaging techniques, including but not limited to: diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring systems and the types of medical information/records each generates including Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emissions Tomography (PET), Ultrasound Imaging, X-Rays, arrhythmia monitoring, pulmonary monitoring, and Obstetrical/Neonatal monitoring.

Preparing Images for Viewing Images must be labeled for position Left /right AP/PA/Obl Upright, supine, prone Patient Data Name Date Account number

Viewing an Image As though looking at the patient in the Anatomical Position

X-rays pass through a body part and put an image on a film X-rays pass through the hand from the x-ray tube and hit the film beneath the hand. The amount of x-rays passing through the hand determine the contrast or how much of the image is black, gray, or white. Usually bone is white because it stops more x-rays from passing through the hand. Ask the students: Do all the x-rays produced in the tube reach the film? Answer: It is the x-rays that do not pass all the way through that make the contrast (shades of gray) on the finished radiograph.

How is an Image formed? Source object Reciever Sun beam X-ray beam candle hand Reciever Eye/brain Film/receptor http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/waves3.html The sun rays do not penetrate or pass through the candle stick so it casts a shadow. X-rays pass through the hand, more x-rays pass through the skin and muscle than through the bone; so where the bone casts a shadow the x-ray is white. The more x-rays pass through, the darker the area. The bones absorbing the x-ray is called attenuation. Some of the suns rays can pass through the top layers of skin and cause changes in the skin color. This is sometimes called tanning. Too much sun over a long period of time can cause even more changes, these include signs of aging and cancer.

Kub or abd. Kub stands for kidneys, ureters, and bladder so technically the film must include from the top of the kidneys to the bottom of the bladder. An abdomen film might clip either part minimally and still be of acceptable quality. right

Barium Enema BE R

Chest: PA & Lateral Left PA means Posteroanterior. Film is in front of the pt, and X-Rays pass from the Posterior to the anterior of the chest. Gives good views of the heart. Lateral gives good views of the lungs

CT Scan: Transverse Slice of Thorax

Elbow: anterior posterior position

Lateral index finger

Knee Radiograph (x-ray) MRI

Lumbar spine: Ap Lateral

Gastrointestional: GI Series

ABD before injection IVP after injection intravenous pyelogram Adverse reactions to contrast agents Because contrast CT scans rely on intravenously administered contrast agents in order to provide superior image quality, there is a low but non-negligible level of risk associated with the contrast agents themselves. Certain patients may experience severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions to the contrast dye. The contrast agent may also induce kidney damage. The risk of this is increased with patients who have preexisting renal insufficiency, preexisting diabetes, or reduced intravascular volume. In general, if a patient has normal kidney function, then the risks of contrast nephropathy are negligible. Patients with mild kidney impairment are usually advised to ensure full hydration for several hours before and after the injection. For moderate kidney failure, the use of iodinated contrast should be avoided; this may mean using an alternative technique instead of CT e.g. MRI. Perhaps paradoxically, patients with severe renal failure requiring dialysis do not require special precautions, as their kidneys have so little function remaining that any further damage would not be noticeable and the dialysis will remove the contrast agent.

resources http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/examinations/mriscan.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging http://en.tnd.kz/equipment/patient_monitoring/obstetrical_monitoring/ http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/photocat/photos_more_pc.cfm?pg=bonerad